Kolektīvā monogrāfija "Radniecība un valsts īstenošana mūsdienu Latvijā"
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Item Īpašums, kredīti un mantojums: radniecības ekonomiskā daba un nevienlīdzība Latvijā(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Saulītis, Andris; Rolle, Kristīne; Latvijas Universitāte; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteIn Chapter 7 of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia", Andris Saulītis and Kristīne Rolle analyse manifestations of kinship in economic life, especially regarding the transfer of property to future generations. This article demonstrates that the understanding of kinship plays a decisive role in the economic structure of Latvia, as it determines the change in property concentration over time. As the authors of the article show, the current legal system of the country creates prerequisites for property to be concentrated in the hands of a relatively small part of the population, thus making the idea of equal opportunities for all citizens less and less possible with each generation. The authors also lay empirical and theoretical foundations for the argument about the necessity of inheritance tax in Latvia.Item “Ne visiem tie bēbji un punči nāk tik viegli”: valsts, reprodukcija un biomedicīnas tehnoloģijas(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Kiščenko, Diāna; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteIn Chapter 8 of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia", Diana Kiščenko focuses on the operation of reproductive clinics. In this sphere, as the author points out, a paradoxical attitude can be observed, where selfless behaviour based on the ethics of general reciprocity or sharing is expected from citizens, while market relations are strengthened by the state. Dissolving this paradox, Kiščenko argues that it shows a fundamental view of the state and citizens in Latvia, where the state (at least ideally) is perfect, but the citizens are subject to various moral faults. Thus, the task of state institutions and policies is to keep citizens on the right path, in this case – in matters of reproduction.Item Valsts un radniecības saikne Latvijas politiskajā pārvaldībā(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Šuvajevs, Andris; Latvijas Republikas 14. SaeimaIn Chapter 9 of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia", Andris Šuvajevs looks at the relationship between the state and kinship. First, he pays attention to the role of family and kinship in various policy papers and concludes that these documents praise families, but not so much as value in itself rather as an environment in which the citizens of the country are reproduced. People also are treated as the highest value, but also mainly for their capacity at generating revenue. Interestingly, at least some of these documents consider marriage sanctioned by state institutions as an essential factor of a productive (and therefore supportable) family. Thus, state documents demonstrate not only the need to strengthen families, but the strength of these families itself is directly derived from the activities of state. Secondly, Andris Šuvajevs shows how the Latvian state fundamentally incorporates thinking based on ideas of kinship in the formation of the state. Namely, the restoration of the independence of Latvian itself was rooted in the idea of kinship, where the current state is directly related to the pre-war state. Moreover, this kinship derives not only from the continuity of the doctrine, but also from the people whose citizenship is passed on to their descendants. Thus, the belonging of citizens to the state stemmed from notions of kinship. What is more, the foundations of property relations in the privatisation process were also directly derived from the idea of the inextricable ties between property and kinship.Item Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia: Summary(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Sedlenieks, Klāvs; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteIn this brief summary of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia" Klāvs Sedlenieks briefly sketches the history of kinship studies in anthropology, the major directions in state anthropology, and explains the meaning of the term 'state performance.' Sedlenieks describes the state as a phenomenon that emerges through the various actions of its inhabitants (the state is performed), thus, the state can be compared to a liquid crystal—possessing structure yet also being fluid. At the same time, the state accommodates multiple perspectives, from which the actions of other actors may appear incomprehensible. The author argues that in Europe, the state and kinship are not two competing forms of social organization but essentially one phenomenon. Thus, the state is a direct manifestation of European kinship. The author provides a brief insight into each of the chapters of the book.Item Radniecība un valsts īstenošana mūsdienu Latvijā: tematiskie rādītāji(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteItem “It kā ģimene”: radniecība Saeimas deputātu diskusijās(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Žabicka, Anna; Sedlenieks, Klāvs; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteIn Chapter 6 of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia", Anna Žabicka and Klāvs Sedlenieks analyse the area in which close ties between the state and kinship are directly manifested, that is, how kinship is reflected in the discussions of deputies during the plenary sessions of the Saeima (The Parliament of the Republic of Latvia). The authors reveal how in the debates among the members of the Parliament, a struggle can be observed between the moral and normative views of the deputies and the reality of life, in which expressions of kinship do not always obey the imagined ideals or legal frameworks. Thus, in the Saeima, one can observe the dynamic process in which Latvian residents construct their kinship while using the state apparatus as a tool. In the analysis of the discussions of the Saeima, two other thematic lines are also highlighted. First, the members of the Parliament occasionally mark their position in relation to the state or the political process, referring to their kinship ties with people who were involved in state building (e.g. an ancestor was an MP in the interwar period or fought in the Independence War). Secondly, the state mythology portrayed in the concepts of kinship is also highlighted in the speeches, when talking about the “fathers of the constitution”.Item Pētījumi par radniecību Latvijā 20. gadsimtā(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Lūse, Agita; Sedlenieks, Klāvs; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteChapter 2 (authors Klāvs Sedlenieks and Agita Lūse) of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia" reviews prior studies of kinship in Latvia. It summarises and criticises the works which use mainly the historical comparative method characteristic to the 19th century evolutionists. The authors describe these studies as intellectually fascinating but generally uncritical speculations. The application of this method and the uncritical adoption of the ideas of earlier authors continue to this day in various fields, starting with folklore studies and ending with jurisprudence. This tradition is represented by such authors as Arveds Schwabe and Kārlis Straubergs, as well as, at least partially, Soviet-era researchers who were based on the Marxist theoretical point of view. Alternatively there are also studies closer to international anthropological practice, e.g., the ethnographic studies of Stefania Ulyanovska conducted at the beginning of the 20th century observations or the mid-20th century works of Lidija Yefremova. American researchers Andrejs Plakans and Charles Wezerel provide a significant insight into kin relations, the process of their formation, and especially the role of political and economic processes in kin formation. Generally, Sedlenieks and Lūse conclude that until now kinship has received undeservedly little attention among researchers.Item Satversmīga kopdzīve jeb radniecības un ģimenes tiesību tvērums Latvijas likumkopā(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Plepa, Dita; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteIn Chapter 4 of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia", lawyer Dita Plepa provides a detailed overview of the legal scope of family and kinship, starting with the founding of the Latvian state in 1918. Plepa shows that the early legal situation was complicated by the fragmented civil legal system inherited from earlier times. Consequently, the understanding of family and kinship and its relation to state structures was far from unambiguous. The democratically minded members of Parliament ranked the family strictly in the private sphere, while in the authoritarian regime of Kārlis Ulmanis, the family arguably becomes the elementary structure of the state. Treating family as a part of state legitimised the interest of state institutions in what happens in this sphere. The Civil Law created in 1938 consolidates the previous legal codes, reduces the role of men in the kinship system (equalising with the role of women) and also introduces some elements of customary law. During the Soviet occupation of Latvia, the authorities continued to interpret the family as the elementary unit of the state and closely monitor it, including family support structures in the USSR Constitution. After the restoration of independence, the interwar legal system was largely restored, although the Civil Law and Satversme (the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia) were at parts changed, specifically regarding marriage and kinship. Paying attention to the current discussion about the boundaries of marriage and family, Plepa analyses the decisions of the Constitutional Court regarding same-sex couples. These discussions demonstrate the conceptual contradiction in the legal environment of Latvia: whether kinship is a social institution independent of the state or, as Emil Durkheim once thought, it is created within the framework of the state and effectively inseparable from it.Item Radniecība un valsts attiecības Livonijā 13.–16. gadsimtā (ar ieskatu līdz 19. gadsimtam)(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Stikāne, Vija; Turaidas muzejrezervātsIn Chapter 3 of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia", historian Vija Stikāne analyses the manifestations of kinship in the territory of modern Latvia until the mid-19th century. The chapter presents a surprisingly diverse and, from a modern perspective, unusual picture in which various expressions of kinship (e.g., what counts as kin for the purposes of inheritance or marriage) are often contradictory, ambiguous and fluid. With the onset of first compilations of laws in the 13th century, administrative institutions have attempted at regulating both the “correct” relationships and determining whose inheritance is legitimate. In medieval urban society and among the aristocracy, a special role is played by marriages conducted by the church (“real marriages”). The kinship relations of the peasant class until the mid-19th century are relatively insignificant and difficult to trace. Aristocrats, on the contrary, display strong interest not only in their own ancestors, but also in the regulation of in-laws, property relations, and permissible marriage between different categories. For the Medieval townspeople, especially for the guilds of craftsmen, kinship through the father’s or mother’s line was often a prerequisite for permission to engage in a profession.Item “Manas dzimtas vēsture – tā ir daļa no manas valsts vēstures”: ģenealoģiskās izziņas prakses Latvijas skolās(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Lūse, Agita; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteIn Chapter 5 of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia", Agita Lūse focuses on the environment workshop of the state’s reproduction, namely schools. Lūse investigates the practice of creating family trees in Latvian schools and points out the ambiguous relationship between the publicly presented “family history” and what it is really like. On the one hand, children study and find out the names of their ancestors with interest; nevertheless, these ancestors are not always the ones that the children themselves want to talk about in public. Lūse argues that equating schools with the state or its “ideological apparatus” (Althusser 2006) is simplistic, as direct indoctrination into the state’s narrative is far from what Lūse observes. This chapter demonstrates the ambiguous relationship between the school as a part of the state and kinship ties, which are not always mutually complementary.Item Radniecība mūsdienu Latvijā(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Sedlenieks, Klāvs; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteFilling the void in the study of Latvian kinship, Chapter 1 (author Klāvs Sedlenieks) of the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia" provides a summary of kinship. The chapter provides an insight into the basic principles of kinship, i.e., the bilateral succession system used by Latvian and many other European societies, where kinship is equally attributed to father and mother. The main consequence of this system is that the circle of relatives does not have clear boundaries and therefore social ties (frequency of meeting, mutual care) largely determine what is and is not considered relatives. In Latvia, it is customary to classify relatives into “real” or “blood relatives”, “married relatives” or in-laws. Analytically, the so-called “fictive kinship” can also be distinguished. It includes, for example, godparents or cases of adoption. However, such a category does not exist in the Latvian language and in practice. The practical effect of kinship can be seen mainly in restrictions on inheritance and marriage, where beliefs about who is born to whom play an important role. Equally important is the principle known in anthropology as “shared substances”, e.g., genes or blood.Item Radniecība un valsts īstenošana mūsdienu Latvijā: ziņas par autoriem, saturs(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteItem Radniecība un valsts īstenošana mūsdienu Latvijā: kolektīvā monogrāfija(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Sedlenieks, Klāvs; Lūse, Agita; Saulītis, Andris; Stikāne, Vija; Plepa, Dita; Kiščenko, Diāna; Rolle, Kristīne; Šuvajevs, Andris; Žabicka, Anna; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteGrāmatā “Radniecība un valsts īstenošana mūsdienu Latvijā” sniegts antropoloģisks ieskats attiecībās, kādas pastāv starp valsti un radniecību. Tā sastāv no ievada un deviņām nodaļām. Ievadā Klāvs Sedlenieks apraksta valsts un radniecības savstarpējās saistības teorētisko ietvaru. Viņš kritizē tradicionālo uzskatu, ka radniecība ir dabas fakts, bet valsts – kultūras radīta sistēma, piedāvājot interpretēt šo dalījumu kā Rietumu kultūras folkteoriju. Autors argumentē, ka radniecība ir kultūras produkts, līdzīgi kā valsts, un to nevar uzskatīt par pārejošu vēstures fenomenu, bet gan par būtisku elementu Rietumu sabiedrībā. Grāmatas nodaļās apskatīti dažādi valsts un radniecības aspekti. Pirmajā nodaļā (K. Sedlenieks) aprakstīti Latvijas iedzīvotāju radniecības principi. Otrajā nodaļā (K. Sedlenieks, A. Lūse) analizēti iepriekšējie pētījumi par latviešu radniecību. Radniecības vēsturiskie aspekti skatīti trešajā nodaļā (V. Stikāne), kurā analizēta radniecības loma viduslaiku Livonijā. Ceturtajā nodaļā autore (D. Plepa) pievēršas 20. un 21. gadsimta juridiskajiem dokumentiem par radniecību. Pārējās nodaļās analizētas radniecības un valsts attiecības mūsdienu Latvijā: piektā nodaļa (A. Lūse) veltīta ciltskoku veidošanas praksei skolās, sestajā nodaļā (A. Žabicka, K. Sedlenieks) analizētas Saeimas diskusijas par radniecību, septītajā nodaļā (A. Saulītis, K. Rolle) apskatīta radniecības loma ekonomikā, astotajā nodaļā (D. Kiščenko) analizēta reproduktīvo klīniku prakse, devītajā nodaļā (A. Šuvajevs) – radniecības loma valsts rīcībpolitikas kontekstā. Grāmata kopumā apliecina, ka valsts un radniecība nav atsevišķi fenomeni, bet gan vienoti procesi, kas ietekmē viens otru. Grāmatu bagātina apjomīgs uzziņu aparāts – četri palīgrādītāji: grāmatā analizēto un minēto priekšmetu, personu, ģeogrāfisko vietu un etnisko grupu rādītājs, kā arī iekļauts kopsavilkums angļu valodā.Item Radniecība un valsts īstenošana mūsdienu Latvijā: Ievads(Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, 2024) Sedlenieks, Klāvs; Rīgas Stradiņa universitāteIn the introduction to the book "Kinship and State Performance in Contemporary Latvia", Klāvs Sedlenieks outlines the theoretical framework of the collection. The author briefly sketches the history of kinship studies in anthropology, the major directions in state anthropology, and explains the meaning of the term "state performance". Sedlenieks describes the state as a phenomenon that emerges through the various actions of its inhabitants (the state is performed), thus, the state can be compared to a liquid crystal–possessing structure yet also being fluid. At the same time, the state accommodates multiple perspectives, from which the actions of other actors may appear incomprehensible. The author argues that in Europe, the state and kinship are not two competing forms of social organization but essentially one phenomenon. Thus, the state is a direct manifestation of European kinship.