LSPA 2009. - 2023. gadā aizstāvētie promocijas darbi

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Browsing LSPA 2009. - 2023. gadā aizstāvētie promocijas darbi by Subject "AK method"

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    Izmainītas centrālās neirālās regulācijas ietekme uz apakšstilba saliecējmuskuļu aerobo darba spēju nodrošinošajiem faktoriem sportistiem. Promocijas darba kopsavilkums / Changes in Musculoskeletal Function on Lower Limb by Altered Central Neural Regulation. Summary of the Doctoral Thesis
    (Latvian Academy of Sport Education, 2022) Vārpa, Normunds; Paeglītis, Alvis; Pääsuke, Mati
    Over the past fifty years, the scientific literature has described one of the physiological research methods – psychosomatics, which is based on holistic principles (Solms, 2002; Vilbers, 2011; Ančevska, 2020). In functional therapy, applied kinesiology (AK) assessment methods are employed, which are closely related to the inner world of the person, i.e., assessment of the state of a mental "I" (Kagan, 2007). AK methods are based on this inner world, which is affecting person’s somatic, autonomic, endocrine, mental systems and neuromuscular functional states (Walther, 2000; Frost, 2002). The assessment of the health status of the human body must take place as a complex unit. Theoretically, there should be a correlation between the internal mental "I" and material empirically measured parameter "It". Analysing the linearly correlative relationships of the parameter pairs described in the literature, no direct correlative links have been found between the "I" assessments and "It" measurements. This suggests that the regulation of such correlations between a person's psychological and material (bodily) interactions should be sought in the regulation of the more complex neuroreflectory or meridian energies. Frost writes that circulatory disorders (without explaining which ones) in skeletal muscles can cause functional disorders of neural regulation, which disrupt the normal motor control of the muscles. As a result, the changes take place in the neural regulation of the motor model of movement, also changing the muscle activity in stereotypical movements (Frost, 2002). In Latvia and in the world, in the last thirty years of the previous century, intensive research studies have been conducted on local blood flow regulation problems of muscles. These studies have shown that a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors cause the functional disorders of autonomic nervous system, which leads to inadequate local blood flow regulation. In these situations, the decrease in endurance of muscles can be observed (Start, 1964; Skārds, 1996). Scientific databases have many publications on local blood flow responses to the muscles, but little attention is paid to the regulation of the intramuscular blood network, considering the muscle as one organ (Seagal, Bearden, 2002), although it is known that muscle activity depends on the functions of active movement units. In 1980-90’s, Laboratory of circulatory regulation physiology (Riga School of circulatory regulation) had elaborated the explanation of muscle’s internal circulatory regulation principles. Riga School of circulatory regulation was a scientific centre of Soviet Union, which main task was to research the local peripheral blood circulation of muscles. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the activities and research of the Centre were discontinued, but the physiological explanations and research results can still be found in various scientific publications and proceedings in Russian. In last decades, the research has evolved in certain directions, such as sports physiology, sports biomechanics, sports biochemistry, sports psychology, but less attention is paid to the integration these individual research fields in a system by analysing a person in a holistic way, which has been a topic for an increasing debate recently. With development of research technologies, the rapid advancement is observed in development of several research methods, such as neurophysiological (microelectrode techniques, computerised methods of electroencephalography and electromyography (EMG), and proton emission tomography (PET)), arthrokinematic control (radiological examination dynamics), biomechanical parameters (analysis of 3D video images), soft tissue physiological parameters (ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging - MRI), and blood flow and spectral analysis of biochemical composition research methods. In each of these research areas, which examines the individual organ systems, enough important and scientifically valid results is obtained, but such differentiated research of human organism could lead to the fact that in the practical treatment, as well as in optimization of the training process, particular results of these studies are sought and applied. For example, the functional disorders in the knee joint are examined by using X-ray and ultrasound methods, arthroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, etc., basically without paying attention to other correlated systems and their functional condition. Only in the last 20 years, due to technical possibilities, neurophysiologists have started to focus on the analysis of neural modelling of movement control and its relation to the quality of movement. Mainly, the influence of the pathological conditions (stroke, CNS trauma, etc.) of the central nervous system’s (CNS) structures on the motor control of movement is analysed, but the studies should continue adaptability of movement organization models when changes are experienced in the somatic or autonomic structures of the organism. In experimental studies, the AK method is empirically defined as the influence of the functional changes in various body structures on neuromuscular regulation of muscles, leading to functional changes in movement organization models (Walther, 2000; Frost, 2002). Applied kinesiology (AK) tests are increasingly applied as a functional diagnostic tool in the training process involving sports doctors and sports physiotherapists. Empirically defined functionally weak muscle are the cause of a particular dysfunction of the organism. It is not clear, whether prevention of the functional weakness of a particular muscle will directly affect the identified organism’s dysfunction or adaptive changes will take place in the organism impacting the specific dysfunction. The explanation of such correlations allows using the AK methods in a more purposeful way to improve the functional abilities of the body. It is not possible to cover all body's systems and all the factors, which affect of muscles in one research study, therefore, for this study, the author has chosen such empirically measurable parameters as the muscle’s local peripheral blood flow, the muscle’s bio-electrical activity and H-reflex, muscle tone and isometric endurance test of lower limb up to fatigue, and a qualitative evaluation criterion – the changes in the central neural regulation system assessed by AK method in order to obtain the information about the muscle: is the muscle normal or functionally weak, or has the neural regulation of muscle changed. The functional changes in central neural regulation may vary – starting from the cerebral cortex torsion and ending with the stroke. In this work, by using the term "muscle with altered neural regulation”, the author means the activity of the muscle with functionally transient dysfunctions, which can manifest itself in changes in the quality of movement and which can be assessed with qualitative AK tests. The author is interested if the functional disorders of neural regulation of muscles, which can easily be detected using AK tests as they can be qualitatively assessed, are connected with the factors that ensure the aerobic endurance of lower limb flexor muscles, which can be empirically measured quantitatively. Up to now, searching for information on quantitatively measurable parameter changes applying AK method in scientific data bases such as “ScienceDirect”, “EBSCOHOST”, “ProQuest Medical Library”, “The Cochrane Library” “Scopus” and “Web of Science”, using the keywords “applied kinesiology” and “applied kinesiology AND measurements", only a few scientific publications were found in English (e.g., Schwartz et al, 2014), which state that there are no statistically significant differences between a normal and functionally weak muscle. In contrast, there are very many scientific publications on the usefulness of AK method in relation to various illnesses of the body systems and options for their treatment. From the above mentioned it can be concluded that this method is adopted as empirically good qualitative method for diagnostics, but little is known about the changes of quantitatively measurable parameters and their effectiveness for assessing various body systems to make conclusions on dysfunctions of neural regulation. So far, when testing a functionally weak muscle as a variable, it was interpreted by implementation of force, but the author of this study has chosen to use a holistic approach assessing the connection of a functionally weak muscle with other neurally regulated body systems. The author, working as a physiotherapist with the athletes, has gained the following experience: if there is an opportunity to regularly monitor the state of neural regulation of muscles, which, perhaps, has the relation to quantitatively assessed parameters, then, in the cases of regulatory functional disorders in different body systems, the exogenous or endogenous disturbances could be eliminated by improving the person’s overall ability to perform physical exercises in aerobic mode. This idea is being tested in this research. This research does not search for linear correlations, drawing attention to the growth of average indicators of the group, but on the contrary, the author wants to show that in the system of a living organism, the changes or response reactions are individually dependent on the subject, justifying it with available information and contemporary knowledge. Of course, this does not exclude the fact, that the interaction analysis of several body system’s structures does not cover interactions of all regulatory structures of the body, therefore, overall, this research study must be considered as a conditional organism model analysis with the attempt to expand the amount of simultaneously interacting parameters.