Oral Microbiome and its Connection to Immune-mediated Oral Diseases

Abstract

Pēdējā laikā ir vērojams straujš imūnsistēmas izraisītu slimību, alerģisku slimību un hronisku iekaisuma traucējumu kāpums. Mūsu imūnsistēma zina, kuri mikrobi ir labvēlīgi un ar kuriem patogēniem ir jācīnās. Imūnsistēma arī saprot, ka nedrīkst uzbrukt paša ķermeņa šūnām. Ja ar šo sistēmu kaut kas nav kārtībā, tas var izraisīt autoimūnas slimības. Traucēta zarnu mikrobioma var izraisīt tādas slimības kā Morbus Crohn un Diabētu. Iepriekš minētā faktora dēļ, šī literatūras pārskata mērķis ir izpētīt, kā perorālā mikrobioma veselība ir saistīta ar mutes dobuma imūnsistēmas izraisītām slimībām. Un, vai perorālās mikrobiomas disbioze var būt šādu slimību cēlonis. Lai izprastu šo saikni, informācijas vākšanai izmantoti vairāki e-žurnāli. Literatūra tika apkopota no PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate un citām vietnēm. Mikrobiomas disbioze neapšaubāmi ir saistīta ar autoimūnām slimībām. Disbioze var veicināt strauju slimības progresēšanu vai pat būt tās izraisošais faktors- cēlonis. Tomēr šajā brīdī nav konstatēta skaidra saikne starp perorālo mikrobiomu un imūnsistēmas izraisītām slimībām mutes dobumā. Veicot turpmākus pētījumus, pastāv iespēja, ka šī saistība tiks atrasta.

The oral microbiome is the most diverse in the human body. It contains more than 700 types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea and protozoa. It develops via direct transmission from mother to child during birth. Before that there can be training to gain immunity via the placenta. The microbiome develops also via transmission from other relatives such as siblings. In the oral microbiome, we can find several microorganisms – mainly bacteria – that have pro-and anti-inflammatory properties which are essential for the upkeep of the symbiosis of host and microbiota. Factors that should be avoided because they can influence the oral microbiome and therefore the oral health negatively are: alcohol consumption, smoking, a sugary diet and poor oral hygiene. To maintain a healthy microbiome, there are two main groups of maintenance factors: the host-derived microbiome maintenance factors and the microbe-derived microbial maintenance factors. There certainly is a connection between dysbiosis of the microbiome and autoimmune diseases. We know of several autoimmune disorders such as Crohn’s disease and Diabetes that have a connection to dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Dysbiosis can favour a rapid progression of the disease or even be a causative factor. At this point no clear connection between the oral microbiome and immune-mediated oral diseases has been found. In future research it is essential to answer the basic question of what causes what? Is the oral dysbiosis causing immune-mediated oral diseases or are the diseases causing the oral dysbiosis? Or can it go both ways? There might not be a general answer for all oral autoimmune diseases. There is a chance that a connection can be found. The most common oral immune-mediated diseases are Lichen planus, Pemphigus vulgaris, Erythema multiforme, Epidermolysis bullosa and Systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren syndrome. At this point, there is no clear answer to the question of whether the oral microbiome or rather its dysbiosis causes immune-mediated diseases or if it is the autoimmune diseases that cause the dysbiosis. It is suspected, that dysbiosis of the oral microbiota might be a factor in the formation of some autoimmune disorders, but further research has to be conducted. However, we do know, that some immune-mediated diseases can negatively affect the oral microbiome which then can worsen the symptoms and speed up the disease progression.