The History of Brain Mapping
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Date
2020
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
Abstract
Ievads: Organoloģijas dibinātājs Franss Jozefs Galls (Franz Joseph Gall; 1758-1828) bija pirmais, kas izplatīja ideju par kortikālo funkciju lokalizāciju. Pēc tam, kad viņš bija novērojis, ka filologiem esot īpaši labi attīstītas smadzeņu pieres daivas, viņš tur lokalizēja runas funkciju. Galla sekotājs Žans Batists Bouillaud (Jean Baptiste-Bouillaud;1796-1881) arī uzskatīja, ka valodas funkcija lokalizējama smadzeņu pieres daivās. Vēlāk Pauls Brokā (Paul Broca; 1824-1880) sasaistīja valodas funkciju ar kreisās smadzeņu puslodes pieres daivas reģionu, kas mūsdienās pazīstams kā Brokā apgabals. Drīz pēc tam Karls Vernike (Karl Wernicke; 1848-1905) atklāja otru zonu, kas saistīta ar valodas uztveri, ko mūsdienās to sauc par Vernikes apgabalu. Mūsdienu pētījumi ar neiroattēlveidošanas palīdzību ir parādījuši, ka valodas funkcijas nodrošināšanā ir iesaistīti reģioni, kas ir plašāki par Brokā un Vernikes apgabaliem.
Darba mērķis: Šī literatūras apskata mērķis ir aprakstīt un analizēt galvenos notikumus valodas funkciju kortikālā lokalizēšanā 18. gadsimta beigās, 19. gadsimtā un 20. gadsimta sākumā.
Metodes un materiāli: Primārie avoti, kas iekļauti šajā literatūras apskatā, ir Fransa Jozefa Galla, Paula Brokā, Karla Vernikes un Vaildera Penfīlda publikācijas. Sekundārie avoti ir akadēmiskas monogrāfijas, piemēram, S. Fingera grāmata “Minds Behind the Brain” un A. Vikensa grāmata “The History of the Brain”. Literatūras apskatā lietoti akadēmiski pētnieciskie raksti, kas iegūti sistēmātiska litertūras apskata ceļā no datu bāzēm PubMed un ScienceDirect ar tādiem atslēgvārdiem kā “Phrenology”, “Paul Broca”, “Karl Wernicke”, “Jean Baptiste-Bouillaud” un “Wilder Penfield”.
Secinājumi: Neskatoties uz to, ka organoloģija bija pseidozinātne, tās dibinātājs Franss Jozefs Galls bija pirmais, kas publiski izvirzīja ideju par atšķirīgu funkcionālo zonu sadalījumu smadzeņu garozā. Būtiskāko ieguldījumu mūsdienu zināšanās par valodas funkciju kortikālo lokalizāciju neapšaubāmi devuši Pauls Brokā, kurš motoro runas centru lokalizēja apakšējā pieres krokā, un Karls Vernike, kurš ar runas uztveri saistīja augšējo temporālo kroku. Bouillaud, kurš kļūdaini apgalvoja, ka abas pieres daivas ir atbildīgas par valodas funkciju, iespējams, ar savām dedzīgajām debatēm par valodas lokalizāciju, bija uz tālākiem pētījumiem iedvesmojis Brokā.
Background: The founder of Organology, Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), was the first major figure to spread the idea of cortical localization of function. He assigned the faculty of language to the anterior lobes after observing that this part was particularly prominent amongst certain philologists. An admirer of Gall, Jean Baptiste-Bouillaud (1796-1881) likewise believed that the seat of language was located in the anterior lobes. Paul Broca (1824-1880) would later associate language production with a region of the left hemisphere today known as Broca’s area. Shortly thereafter, Karl Wernicke (1848-1905) proposed a second area involved in language comprehension, nowadays known as Wernicke’s area. Modern research with the help of neuroimaging has now proven that regions extending beyond Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are additionally involved in language production. Objective: The objective of this literature review is to describe and analyze some of the major events in the mapping of cortical language function during the late 18th century, 19th century and early 20th century. Methods and materials: The primary sources included in this literature review are publications by Franz Joseph Gall, Paul Broca, Karl Wernicke and Wilder Penfield. Secondary sources are academic monographies such as "Minds Behind the Brain" by S. Finger and "A History of the Brain" by A. Wickens. Additionally, journal articles and systematic review articles were retrieved from databases PubMed and ScienceDirect with keywords such as “Phrenology”, “Paul Broca”, “Karl Wernicke”, “Jean Baptiste-Bouillaud” and “Wilder Penfield.” Conclusion: Despite Organology not having any scientific grounds, its founder Franz Joseph Gall was the first major figure to publicly advocate for distinct functional areas within the cerebral cortex. In order to locate an area responsible for language function, such a theory would have been necessary to antedate it. The key-figures in contributing to modern-day knowledge of cortical language localization are undoubtedly Paul Broca, who associated the inferior frontal gyrus with speech production, and Karl Wernicke, who associated the superior temporal gyrus with speech comprehension. Bouillaud, who mistakenly claimed that both frontal lobes were responsible for language production, may have piqued Broca’s curiosity through his fervent debate on language localization.
Background: The founder of Organology, Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), was the first major figure to spread the idea of cortical localization of function. He assigned the faculty of language to the anterior lobes after observing that this part was particularly prominent amongst certain philologists. An admirer of Gall, Jean Baptiste-Bouillaud (1796-1881) likewise believed that the seat of language was located in the anterior lobes. Paul Broca (1824-1880) would later associate language production with a region of the left hemisphere today known as Broca’s area. Shortly thereafter, Karl Wernicke (1848-1905) proposed a second area involved in language comprehension, nowadays known as Wernicke’s area. Modern research with the help of neuroimaging has now proven that regions extending beyond Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are additionally involved in language production. Objective: The objective of this literature review is to describe and analyze some of the major events in the mapping of cortical language function during the late 18th century, 19th century and early 20th century. Methods and materials: The primary sources included in this literature review are publications by Franz Joseph Gall, Paul Broca, Karl Wernicke and Wilder Penfield. Secondary sources are academic monographies such as "Minds Behind the Brain" by S. Finger and "A History of the Brain" by A. Wickens. Additionally, journal articles and systematic review articles were retrieved from databases PubMed and ScienceDirect with keywords such as “Phrenology”, “Paul Broca”, “Karl Wernicke”, “Jean Baptiste-Bouillaud” and “Wilder Penfield.” Conclusion: Despite Organology not having any scientific grounds, its founder Franz Joseph Gall was the first major figure to publicly advocate for distinct functional areas within the cerebral cortex. In order to locate an area responsible for language function, such a theory would have been necessary to antedate it. The key-figures in contributing to modern-day knowledge of cortical language localization are undoubtedly Paul Broca, who associated the inferior frontal gyrus with speech production, and Karl Wernicke, who associated the superior temporal gyrus with speech comprehension. Bouillaud, who mistakenly claimed that both frontal lobes were responsible for language production, may have piqued Broca’s curiosity through his fervent debate on language localization.
Description
Medicīna
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Keywords
Franss Jozefs Galls, Paula Brokā, Karla Vernikes, Žans Batists Bouillaud, Vaildera Penfīlda, Funkcijas kortikālā lokalizācija, Smadzeņu kartēšanas vēsture, Organoloģijas, Frenoloģija, Brokā apgabaliem, Vernikes apgabaliem, Franz Joseph Gall, Paul Broca, Karl Wernicke, Jean Baptsite-Bouillaud, Wilder Penfield, Cortical localization of function, History of brain mapping, Organology, Phrenology, Wernicke's area, Broca's area