Dzelzs preparātu lietošana grūtniecības laikā sievietēm, kuras ievēro veģetāru un vegānisku diētu
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Date
2023
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
Abstract
Pēc Pasaules Veselības organizācijas datiem vismaz 40% sieviešu grūtniecības laikā ir anēmija, pusei šo gadījumu anēmijas iemesls ir dzelzs deficīts, kas var būt par iemeslu priekšlaicīgām dzemdībām, intrauterīnai augšanas aizturei, zemam bērna dzimšanas svaram, psihomotorās attīstības aizturei pēc dzimšanas. Dzelzs deficīta anēmijas viens no galvenajiem cēloņiem ir nepietiekama dzelzs uzņemšana ar uzturu, ievērojot diētu, kas izslēdz galvenos dzelzs avotus, tāpēc riska grupā ir grūtnieces veģetārietes un vegānes. Darba mērķis bija izpētīt, vai veģetāra un vegāniska diēta saistīta ar zemāku hemoglobīna līmeni asinīs.
Pētījumā ar anonīmas aptaujas anketas palīdzību tika iegūti dati par grūtnieču hemoglobīna līmeni pirms grūtniecības, grūtniecības laikā, aprēķināts anēmijas biežums katrā diētas grupā katrā grūtniecības trimestrī, tika noteikts dzelzs preparātu lietošanas biežums katrā grupā, un grūtnieču informētība par dzelzi saturošiem produktiem.
Aptaujā piedalījās 110 sievietes, no kurām 33 bija veģetārietes, 17 vegānes, 60 sievietes no kontroles grupas, kuras neievēroja specifisku diētu. No visām aptaujātajām sievietēm 88 grūtnieces bija norādījušas hemoglobīna līmeni, kas noteikts grūtniecības laikā, norādot arī gestācijas nedēļu, kurā analīzes veiktas. Rezultātā grūtniecības laikā pirmajā trimestrī anēmija bija 13.3% veģetāriešu, 12.5% vegānu un 7.1% grūtnieču no kontroles grupas. Otrajā trimestrī anēmija bija 6.7% veģetāriešu, vienai grūtniecei no kontroles grupas, kurai anēmija bija arī pirmajā trimestrī, bet no vegānēm nevienai grūtniecei nebija anēmijas otrajā trimestrī. Trešajā trimestrī anēmija bija 3.3% veģetāriešu, 6.3% vegānu un 4.8% sieviešu no kontroles grupas. Dzelzs preparātus no visām aptaujātajām sievietēm lietoja 67.3% grūtnieču, visu diētu grupās tos lietoja lielākā daļa grūtnieču – gan pēc indikācijām – ar konstatētu anēmiju (93.3%), gan arī bez konstatētas anēmijas vai nezinot hemoglobīna līmeni (54.5%). Biežāk lietotie dzelzs preparāti bija Ferretab, Tothema, Fercelan, Floradix, Chela-Ferr Forte un Ferrum Lek. Aprēķinot procentuāli biežāk lietotos produktus visās diētas grupās, tika iegūtas statistiski ticamas atšķirības pākšaugu, tofu un ķirbju sēklu lietošanā uzturā, kas ir minami kā dzelzs avoti, un tos biežāk bija norādījušas veģetārietes un vegānes nekā grūtnieces kontroles grupā.
Dzelzs deficīta anēmija grūtniecības laikā tika konstatēta kopā 17% grūtnieču, tomēr iegūtie rezultāti katrā grupā nebija ar statistiski ticamām atšķirībām. Dzelzs preparātus lietoja lielākā daļa grūtnieču, vairumā gadījumu to lietošana bija atbilstoša Pasaules Veselības organizācijas rekomendācijām. Kopumā veģetārietes un vegānes biežāk lietoja dzelzi saturošus produktus, salīdzinot ar kontroles grupu.
According to the World Health Organization, at least 40% of women have anemia during pregnancy, half of these cases are caused by iron deficiency, which can lead to premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, and delayed psychomotor development after birth. One of the main causes for iron deficiency anemia is insufficient dietary iron intake following a diet that excludes major sources of iron, therefore vegetarian and vegan pregnant women are in risk group. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vegetarian and vegan diet is associated with lower blood hemoglobin level. In this study an anonymous questionnaire was used to obtain data about pregnant women`s hemoglobin levels before pregnancy and during pregnancy, prevalence of anemia was calculated in all diet groups in each trimester, and the frequency of use of iron supplements and knowledge of iron containing foods was determined. 110 women participated in this survey, from which 33 were vegetarians, 17 were vegans and 60 women who did not follow a specific diet in the control group. A total of 88 pregnant women had indicated the level of hemoglobin that was determined during pregnancy, also indicating the gestational week in which the analyzes were performed. As a result 13.3% of vegetarians, 12.5% of vegans and 7.1% of women from the control group had anemia during pregnancy in the first trimester. Anemia was present in 6.7% of vegetarians in the second trimester, one pregnant woman from the control group who was also anemic in the first trimester, and none of the vegans were anemic in the second trimester. In the third trimester, anemia was present in 3.3% of vegetarians, 6.3% of vegans, and 4.8% women from control group. Iron supplements were used by 67.3% of pregnant women from all surveyed women, in all diet groups they were used by the majority of pregnant women – both according to indications – with established anemia (93.3%), as well as without established anemia or without knowing the hemoglobin level (54.5%). The most frequently used iron supplements were Ferretab, Tothema, Fercelan, Floradix, Chela-Ferr Forte and Ferrum Lek. Calculating the percentage of frequently consumed products in all dietary groups, statistically significant differences were obtained in the consumption of legumes, tofu and pumpkin seeds, which are mentioned as sources of iron, and were more often reported by vegetarians and vegans than by pregnant women in the control group. Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy was detected in a total of 17% of pregnant women, however, the obtained results in each group did not have statistically reliable differences. Iron supplements were used by the majority of pregnant women, and in most cases their use was in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Vegetarians and vegans used iron-containing products more often compared to the control group.
According to the World Health Organization, at least 40% of women have anemia during pregnancy, half of these cases are caused by iron deficiency, which can lead to premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, and delayed psychomotor development after birth. One of the main causes for iron deficiency anemia is insufficient dietary iron intake following a diet that excludes major sources of iron, therefore vegetarian and vegan pregnant women are in risk group. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vegetarian and vegan diet is associated with lower blood hemoglobin level. In this study an anonymous questionnaire was used to obtain data about pregnant women`s hemoglobin levels before pregnancy and during pregnancy, prevalence of anemia was calculated in all diet groups in each trimester, and the frequency of use of iron supplements and knowledge of iron containing foods was determined. 110 women participated in this survey, from which 33 were vegetarians, 17 were vegans and 60 women who did not follow a specific diet in the control group. A total of 88 pregnant women had indicated the level of hemoglobin that was determined during pregnancy, also indicating the gestational week in which the analyzes were performed. As a result 13.3% of vegetarians, 12.5% of vegans and 7.1% of women from the control group had anemia during pregnancy in the first trimester. Anemia was present in 6.7% of vegetarians in the second trimester, one pregnant woman from the control group who was also anemic in the first trimester, and none of the vegans were anemic in the second trimester. In the third trimester, anemia was present in 3.3% of vegetarians, 6.3% of vegans, and 4.8% women from control group. Iron supplements were used by 67.3% of pregnant women from all surveyed women, in all diet groups they were used by the majority of pregnant women – both according to indications – with established anemia (93.3%), as well as without established anemia or without knowing the hemoglobin level (54.5%). The most frequently used iron supplements were Ferretab, Tothema, Fercelan, Floradix, Chela-Ferr Forte and Ferrum Lek. Calculating the percentage of frequently consumed products in all dietary groups, statistically significant differences were obtained in the consumption of legumes, tofu and pumpkin seeds, which are mentioned as sources of iron, and were more often reported by vegetarians and vegans than by pregnant women in the control group. Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy was detected in a total of 17% of pregnant women, however, the obtained results in each group did not have statistically reliable differences. Iron supplements were used by the majority of pregnant women, and in most cases their use was in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Vegetarians and vegans used iron-containing products more often compared to the control group.
Description
Pediatrija
Pediatrics
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Pediatrics
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Keywords
Dzelzs deficīts, anēmija, grūtniecības periods, Iron deficiency, anemia, pregnancy