Prevention of Hip Osteoarthrosis

Abstract

Šī literatūras pārskata mērķis ir sniegt vispārēju izpratni par gūžas osteoartrozi, pārskatot pašreizēji pieejamu un aktuālāko literatūru par slimības etioloģiju, patoģenēzi, klasifikāciju, diagnozi, klīnisko izklāstu un apskatot pieejamās ārstēšanas un profilakses metodes. Šim nolūkam tika izmantoti dažādi avoti, publikācijas un dažādu specializāciju piemēri, lai apskatītu plašo pieeju klāstu problēmas, kas ir Osteoartrozes, tās priekšteču, riska faktoru un artrozes risināšanās, apskatot arī komplikācijas un citas iespējamās patoloģijas klīniskajā gaitā gan jauniem, gan vecākiem pacientiem.

Osteoarthrosis is a degenerative disorder of synovial joints, particularly of hip, knee and metatarsophalangeal joints and is usually affecting older patients but also younger patients can be affected especially athletes and obese patients whose joints undergo extra stress. The role of articular cartilage is a distribution of load and burden while also allowing frictionless motion to avoid destruction of the articular surfaces. While preparing for my research paper, I noticed a frequent usage of the term Osteoarthritis as synonym for Osteoarthrosis in English literature and publications. English sources also use the term “OA”. Therefore, I find it important to review definitions. Osteoarthrosis is a chronic arthritis of non inflammatory character while Osteoarthritis is used in most European countries to undermine the presence of inflammation which in turn affects management of the disease. Arthrosis is a normal age-related process in which the joints undergo degenerative changes due to accumulating signs of wear and tear. It is not curable but there are treatment options which can help cope with symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Hence early diagnosis and assessment of risk factors is important to slow down progression to avoid further damage and worsening of symptoms which can have a severe impact on the quality of life of the patient. With an increasing life expectancy, the number of patients suffering with arthrosis is constantly rising and accurate evaluation of risk factors and diagnosis are important to allow prevention and usage of conservative therapy with maximal effect before moving on to surgical intervention. The European Project on Osteoarthritis (EPOSA) states Osteoarthrosis is one of the most common diseases affecting older adults with small prevalence in female population with the female to male ratio of 53.3% to 46.7% with a mean age of 72 years. Osteoarthrosis of the hip can be divided based on aetiology into primary (idiopathic) and secondary which are linked to well known risk factors such as obesity, trauma, bad posture, muscle and tendon imbalance, advanced age and diabetes mellitus.

This literature study aims to provide a general understanding of the diagnosis of Osteoarthrosis of the Hip by reviewing current knowledge of aetiology, pathogenesis, classification, diagnostics, clinical presentation and explore available methods of management and prevention. For this purpose a variety of different source and publications from different specializations have been used to incorporate as many approaches on dealing with the multifactorial problem presented in cases of Osteoarthrosis, its precursors, risk factors and Arthrosis as complication during the clinical course of other pathologies both in young and older patients.