Risks of Pregnancy and Childbirth in Obese Patients

Abstract

The pre-pregnancy BMI of women of reproductive age is on the rise, particularly noticeable in affluent nations. Obesity among pregnant women poses significant risks to both maternal and infant health during pregnancy and childbirth. Adipose tissue function as an active endocrine organ. Excessive adipose tissue could result in dysregulation in metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory pathways spanning multiple organ system throughout pregnancy and can thereby also influence obstetric outcomes. This research paper conducts a literature review utilizing contemporary original scientific literature sources and international guidelines to explore the various complications associated with obesity during pregnancy and childbirth. The objective is to thoroughly study and present the risks associated with obesity in pregnant mothers, impacting both maternal and foetal health throughout pregnancy and childbirth. Conclusions are then derived from the findings. The conclusion of this research is that there are risks associated with both maternal and foetal health during pregnancy and childbirth linked to pre-pregnant BMI. Obese pregnant mothers have higher chance to experience pregnancy loss, stillbirth, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and venous thromboembolism. Foetus of obese mothers have higher risks of congenital anomalies and macrosomia. Furthermore, childbirth complications are more prevalent among obese pregnant women, with a higher likelihood of unsuccessful vaginal birth, necessitating caesarean delivery, shoulder dystocia during childbirth, or experiencing prolonged delivery.