Hostage Diplomacy: Comparing Motivations and Outcomes in cases of Iran and Russia
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
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Maģistra darba tēma ir “Ķīlnieku diplomātija: Irānas un Krievijas gadījumu motivāciju un rezultātu salīdzinājums”. Darbā tiek analizētas un salīdzinātas Irānas un Krievijas motivācijas īstenojot ķīlnieku diplomātiju, kā arī tiek vērtēta šīs prakses loma kā instruments varas maksimizēšanai. Ķīlnieku diplomātija, kas attiecas uz valstu praksi patvaļīgi aizturēt ārvalstu pilsoņus, ar mērķi gūt kādu ieguvumu , ir kļuvusi par arvien biežāk novērotu praksi.
Pētījuma mērķis ir noskaidrot un salīdzināt Irānas un Krievijas ķīlnieku diplomātijas kā varas maksimizēšanas instrumenta izmantošanu. Lai sasniegtu šo mērķi, tiek veikta varas maksimizēšanas jēdziena analīze ofensīvā reālisma ietvarā un spēļu teorijas analīze, koncentrējoties uz Asimetriskās eskalācijas spēli, kas skaidro valstu rīcības loģiku starpvalstu konfliktu situācijās. Otrajā nodaļā ir sniegts pārskats par ķīlnieku diplomātiju, tostarp ķīlnieku ņemšanas vēsturi starp valstīm, ķīlnieku diplomātijas definīcijas, kā arī ķīlnieku diplomātijas galveno modeļu un taktikas identificēšanu. Trešā un ceturtā nodaļa atklāj motivāciju un pamatcēloņus, kāpēc ķīlnieku diplomātija tiek izvēlēta kā instruments Irānas un Krievijas varas un stabilitātes nodrošināšanai. Pētījumā tiek pielietota kvalitatīvā pētnieciskā dokumentu analīzes metode.
Irāna un Krievija ir identificētas kā divas no aktīvākajām valstīm, kas praktizē ķīlnieku diplomātiju, galvenokārt vēršoties pret demokrātisku valstu pilsoņiem, it īpaši ASV un to sabiedrotajiem. Salīdzinot abu valstu praksi, šajā darbā tiek pētīts, kā ekonomiskās sankcijas, prestižs un iekšējās stabilitātes apsvērumi veido Irānas un Krievijas motivāciju sagrābt ķīlniekus. Svarīgs ķīlnieku diplomātijas aspekts ir tās loma Rietumu ietekmes ierobežošanā Irānā un Krievijā. Asimetriskās eskalācijas spēles kontekstā Irāna un Krievija tiek uzskatītas par Izaicinātājiem, atspoguļojot abu valstu neapmierinātību ar status quo. Spēles modelis pēta Izaicinātāja uztveri par Aizstāvi, kura pilsonis tiek sagrābts par ķīlnieku, uzsverot kā ierobežotas atbildes reakcijas uz ķīlnieku aizturēšanu veido Izaicinātāja aprēķinus un veicina veiksmīgu Aizstāvja piekāpšanos.
The title of the master`s thesis is ‘Hostage Diplomacy: Comparing Motivations and Outcomes in cases of Iran and Russia’. The paper determines and compares Iran’s and Russia’s motivations for practising hostage diplomacy, assessing its role as a tool of power maximization. Hostage diplomacy, which refers to the practise of states arbitrarily detaining foreign nationals for leverage, has become an increasingly observed practise. The aim of the research is to determine and compare Iran’s and Russia’s use of hostage diplomacy as a tool of power maximization. To achieve this objective, an analysis of the concept of power maximization within offensive realism and game theory is conducted, focusing on the Asymmetric Escalation Game, which explains the rationale behind state actions during interstate conflict situations. The second chapter provides an overview of hostage diplomacy, including the history of hostage taking between states, the definitions of arbitrary detentions for leverage, as well as identifying key patterns and tactics of hostage diplomacy. The third and fourth chapters reveal motivations and the underlying causes for choosing hostage diplomacy as an instrument to increase Iran’s and Russia’s power and stability. The qualitative research method of document analysis is applied throughout the study. Iran and Russia has been identified as two of the most active states in practising hostage diplomacy, primarily targeting nationals of democratic states, predominantly, the United States and its allies. By comparing the practise of both states, this paper explores how economic sanctions, prestige and internal stability concerns shape Iran’s and Russia’s motivations for hostage-taking. An important aspect of hostage diplomacy is its role in limiting the influence of the West in Iran and Russia. In the context of the Asymmetric Escalation Game, Iran and Russia are both considered the Challengers, justified by their discontent with the status quo. The game model explores the Challenger’s perception of the Defender, whose citizen is taken hostage, highlighting how limited responses to hostage taking shape the calculations of the Challenger and contribute to successfully gaining concessions.
The title of the master`s thesis is ‘Hostage Diplomacy: Comparing Motivations and Outcomes in cases of Iran and Russia’. The paper determines and compares Iran’s and Russia’s motivations for practising hostage diplomacy, assessing its role as a tool of power maximization. Hostage diplomacy, which refers to the practise of states arbitrarily detaining foreign nationals for leverage, has become an increasingly observed practise. The aim of the research is to determine and compare Iran’s and Russia’s use of hostage diplomacy as a tool of power maximization. To achieve this objective, an analysis of the concept of power maximization within offensive realism and game theory is conducted, focusing on the Asymmetric Escalation Game, which explains the rationale behind state actions during interstate conflict situations. The second chapter provides an overview of hostage diplomacy, including the history of hostage taking between states, the definitions of arbitrary detentions for leverage, as well as identifying key patterns and tactics of hostage diplomacy. The third and fourth chapters reveal motivations and the underlying causes for choosing hostage diplomacy as an instrument to increase Iran’s and Russia’s power and stability. The qualitative research method of document analysis is applied throughout the study. Iran and Russia has been identified as two of the most active states in practising hostage diplomacy, primarily targeting nationals of democratic states, predominantly, the United States and its allies. By comparing the practise of both states, this paper explores how economic sanctions, prestige and internal stability concerns shape Iran’s and Russia’s motivations for hostage-taking. An important aspect of hostage diplomacy is its role in limiting the influence of the West in Iran and Russia. In the context of the Asymmetric Escalation Game, Iran and Russia are both considered the Challengers, justified by their discontent with the status quo. The game model explores the Challenger’s perception of the Defender, whose citizen is taken hostage, highlighting how limited responses to hostage taking shape the calculations of the Challenger and contribute to successfully gaining concessions.
Description
Starptautiskā pārvaldība un diplomātija
International Governance and Diplomacy
Socioloģija, politoloģija un antropoloģija
Sociology, Politics and Anthropology
International Governance and Diplomacy
Socioloģija, politoloģija un antropoloģija
Sociology, Politics and Anthropology