The impact of a plant-based diet on human health

Abstract

This systematic literature review explores how plant-based diets affect human health with a particular focus on cardiometabolic outcomes, nutritional adequacy and mental well-being in adults. It draws on studies published between January 2010 and December 2023 from databases including PubMed, Web of Science and EBSCO in RSU’s online library. The review highlights the health benefits and challenges linked to plant-based eating, presenting evidence that such diets can significantly lower LDL cholesterol, reduce systolic blood pressure and improve blood sugar control which are in some cases comparable to medication.

At the same time the review addresses common nutritional concerns, particularly the risk of deficiencies in key nutrients like vitamin B12, iron and omega-3 fatty acids. These findings underline the need for careful dietary planning including the use of fortified foods or supplements when necessary.

The review also looks at the emerging link between plant-based diets and improved mental health, noting associations with lower levels of depression and anxiety which is potentially due to anti-inflammatory compounds and a healthier gut microbiome. Different plant-based eating patterns as vegan, vegetarian, pescatarian and flexitarian, are compared to emphasize the importance of tailoring diets to individual needs and preferences.

A structured search strategy with clear inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to ensure the selection of high-quality studies while controlling for factors like lifestyle habits that could influence results. Overall this review brings together current evidence from epidemiological research, clinical findings and biological mechanisms to offer practical insights for healthcare professionals and researchers. It also calls for more long-term studies to better understand the sustained effects of plant-based diets and help to refine future dietary guidelines.