Maiņu darbs kā metabolā sindroma riska faktors
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Date
2021
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
Abstract
Saskaņā ar Eurostat datiem, 2019.gadā no visiem nodarbinātajiem Eiropas Savienībā, 18,4% darbinieku strādāja kādā no maiņu darbu modeļiem, ietverot darbu dažādās diennakts stundās, naktīs, arī brīvdienās un svētku dienās. Kaut gan efektīva laika izmantošana uzlabo preču un pakalpojumu pieejamību, tomēr šādam darba režīmam pastāv arī negatīvās puses - miega trūkums, cirkadiānā ritma traucējumi, ēšanas paradumu izmaiņas, stress, hormonu līdzsvara izmaiņas, kas literatūrā tiek asociēti kā nozīmīgi riska faktori metabolā sindroma attīstībai. Zinātniskajā literatūrā pieejamie dati rāda, ka šis sindroms skar pat katru ceturto Eiropas Savienības iedzīvotāju, kas norāda uz aktuālu un plašu problēmu, ko būtu nepieciešams risināt. Tāpēc šī literatūras apskata mērķis ir noskaidrot, vai maiņu darbs ir viens no metabolā sindroma attīstības riska faktoriem. Mērķa sasniegšanai, tika izmantotas šādas zinātniski pētnieciskās metodes: analītiskā, salīdzinošā un deduktīvā. Analītiskā metode tika izmantota zinātniskās literatūras un publikāciju izpētē. Salīdzinošā metode tika pielietota analizējot kopīgo un atšķirīgo pēc atlases kritērijiem iekļauto sešu pētījumu analīzē. Savukārt deduktīvo metodi autors izmantoja, lai rastu likumsakarības starp maiņu darbu un metabolā sindroma attīstības teorētiskajiem un praktiskajiem aspektiem. Šis literatūras apskats tika strukturēts trīs nodaļās. Pirmajā nodaļā dots skaidrojums metabolajam sindromam un tā diagnostiskajiem kritērijiem. Otrajā nodaļā apskatītas patoloģijas, kuru attīstību saista vai to iestāšanas risku palielina metabolā sindroma esamība. Savukārt trešajā nodaļā analizēti seši dažādi pētījumi ar dalībnieku skaitu no 98 līdz 27 000, kuru pamatmērķis bija noskaidrot, vai maiņu darbs palielina risku metabolā sindroma attīstībai. Pēc atlasīto pētījumu un literatūras analīzes bija iespējams secināt, ka metabolā sindroma patoģenēze ir kompleksa un multifaktoriāla, taču visos apskatītajos pētījumos tika gūtas norādes par maiņu darba asociāciju un potenciālā riska faktora lomu metabolā sindroma attīstībā, kā arī tā negatīvo ietekmi uz cilvēka veselību. Šāda asociācija tika novērota dažādās vecuma grupās, ietverot gan pieaugušos ap 20 gadu vecumu, gan dalībniekus pēc 60 gadu vecuma. Sindroma attīstību ietekmē dažādi blakusfaktori, tomēr nav vienota viedokļa par to, kuram no šiem faktoriem ir vislielākā ietekme, tādejādi traucējot izvērtēt tieši maiņu darba nozīmi metabolā sindroma attīstībā. Autors novēroja, ka analizētajos pētījums kā jaucējfaktori netika izmantoti darba vides un ar pienākumu veikšanu saistītie riski, kas paši par sevi jau varētu ietekmēt metabolā sindroma attīstību, kā arī literatūrā un apskatītajos pētījumos nav pieejama un izmantota vienota maiņu darba definīcija, kas rada grūtības veidot vienādus salīdzināmus apstākļus un apgrūtina pētījumu savstarpēju salīdzināšanu.
According to Eurostat data from 2019, 18.4% of employees in the European Union worked in a type of shift work including work at different times of the day, nights, on weekends and holidays. Although effective time management improves access to goods and services in line with the ever-growing demand, shift work has its downsides, including, changes in sleep patterns, disturbances of the circadian rhythm and diet, stress and hormonal changes. These factors have all been associated with an increased risk for development of metabolic syndrome. Scientific literature demonstrates that metabolic syndrome affects almost every fourth individual in the EU. That indicates a major problem that requires a paradigm shift. Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to establish whether shift work is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. To achieve this aim, analytic, comparative and deductive research methods were used. The analytic method was used to analyse scientific literature, publications and studies. The comparative method was used to analyse and compare the similarities and differences among six research studies regarding this topic based on established selection criteria. Finally, the deductive method was used was used to assess causality between shift work and the theoretical and practical aspects of metabolic syndrome. The literature review is structured in three chapters. The first chapter defined metabolic syndrome and its diagnostic criteria. The second chapter examined the disorders associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Whereas the third chapter included analysis of six research studies with the number of participants ranging from 98 to 27 000. The main goal of this analysis was to establish whether shift work increases risk of metabolic syndrome and what confounding factors could affect the results of these studies. Based on analysis of literature, it is possible to conclude that the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is complex and multifactorial, yet the selected research studies indicated that shift work may be a potential risk factor and that it can induce harmful processes in the body that could increase risk for development of metabolic syndrome. This association was observed across different age groups, including young adults and individuals over 60 years of age. Multiple other factors also play a role in the development of metabolic syndrome, yet it is not known which factor is the most important and how their interplay affects development of metabolic syndrome. As a result, evaluation of direct effects of shift work on metabolic syndrome is hampered. None of the research studies included confounding factors such as work environment and inherent risks associated with the job itself, which could have an overall impact on the risk of development of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the definition of shift work is not consistent in current literature, which makes analysis and comparison of studies difficult.
According to Eurostat data from 2019, 18.4% of employees in the European Union worked in a type of shift work including work at different times of the day, nights, on weekends and holidays. Although effective time management improves access to goods and services in line with the ever-growing demand, shift work has its downsides, including, changes in sleep patterns, disturbances of the circadian rhythm and diet, stress and hormonal changes. These factors have all been associated with an increased risk for development of metabolic syndrome. Scientific literature demonstrates that metabolic syndrome affects almost every fourth individual in the EU. That indicates a major problem that requires a paradigm shift. Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to establish whether shift work is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. To achieve this aim, analytic, comparative and deductive research methods were used. The analytic method was used to analyse scientific literature, publications and studies. The comparative method was used to analyse and compare the similarities and differences among six research studies regarding this topic based on established selection criteria. Finally, the deductive method was used was used to assess causality between shift work and the theoretical and practical aspects of metabolic syndrome. The literature review is structured in three chapters. The first chapter defined metabolic syndrome and its diagnostic criteria. The second chapter examined the disorders associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Whereas the third chapter included analysis of six research studies with the number of participants ranging from 98 to 27 000. The main goal of this analysis was to establish whether shift work increases risk of metabolic syndrome and what confounding factors could affect the results of these studies. Based on analysis of literature, it is possible to conclude that the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is complex and multifactorial, yet the selected research studies indicated that shift work may be a potential risk factor and that it can induce harmful processes in the body that could increase risk for development of metabolic syndrome. This association was observed across different age groups, including young adults and individuals over 60 years of age. Multiple other factors also play a role in the development of metabolic syndrome, yet it is not known which factor is the most important and how their interplay affects development of metabolic syndrome. As a result, evaluation of direct effects of shift work on metabolic syndrome is hampered. None of the research studies included confounding factors such as work environment and inherent risks associated with the job itself, which could have an overall impact on the risk of development of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the definition of shift work is not consistent in current literature, which makes analysis and comparison of studies difficult.
Description
Medicīna
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Keywords
Metabolais sindroms; maiņu darbs; metabolais sindroms un maiņu darbs; riska faktori metabolajam sindromam; maiņu darbs un uzturs; koronāra sirds slimība; cirkadiānais ritms, metabolic syndrome; shift work; metabolic syndrome and shift work; risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome; shift work and nutrition habits; coronary heart disease; circadian cycle