Differential diagnosis of diplopia (literature review and case presentation)
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
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Ievads: Diplopija ir potenciāli nopietns simptoms, kam var būt ļoti dažādi cēloņi. To var sastapt dažādās vecuma grupās. Atkarībā no vecuma jau var rasties priekšstats par cēloni, kas ir vairāk iespējams. Piemēram, maziem bērniem par galveno cēloni var uzskatīt šķielēšanu, savukārt jauniem pieaugušajiem līdz cilvēkiem pusmūža vecumā, visticamāk, diplopiju izraisījusi trauma vai autoimūnas slimības. Gados vecākiem cilvēkiem ir jāņem vērā tāds redzes dubultošanās cēlonis, kā išēmiska acu kustību nervu neiropātijas. Vienmēr ir nepieciešama diferenciāldiagnostika, lai izslēgtu potenciāli bīstamas saslimšanas, kas izraisa diplopiju, un kuras nekavējoties jāārstē, lai izvairītos no pilnīga redzes zuduma vai pat draudus dzīvībai.
Mērķis: šī pētījuma mērķis ir aprakstīt diplopijas diferenciāldiagnozi, lai iegūtu vispārīgu pārskatu par šo simptomu.
Metodoloģija. Lai uzrakstītu šo rakstu, esmu analizējusi dažādas datubāzes, kas galvenokārt bijušas PubMed, bet arī klīnisko pierādījumu bāzes, piemēram, Elsevier vai Clinical key. Mēģināts atrast pētījumus, kas nav bijuši vecāki par 15 gadiem. Ir atsevišķi citāti, kas ir vecāki par 15 gadiem, jo trūkst jaunāku pētījumu.
Galvenie rezultāti: diplopijas cēloņus var sagrupēt vairākās galvenajās kategorijās. Tās var iedalīt tādās kategorijās, kas ir stāvokļi, kas ietekmē tikai smadzenes, autoimūnas patoloģijas, iekaisuma neiropātijas, galvaskausa nervu bojājumi, neirodeģeneratīvas slimības, onkoloģiskās patoloģijas, neiromuskulārās sinapses slimības, muskuļu un vielmaiņas slimības, kā arī oftalmoloģiskas slimības.
Secinājumi: Diplopijai ir daudz dažādu iemeslu. Jāatzīmē, ka šo simptomu var izraisīt ne tikai slimības, kas ietekmē smadzenes. Jāpatur prātā, ka pastāv infekcijas procesi, kurus ārstējot, diplopija var būt atgriezeniska, taču, ja cēlonis ir neiroloģisks bojājums, simptoms var būt paliekošs. Ārstiem, jo īpaši neirologiem, pamatslimību daudzveidības dēļ ir daudz pamatīgāk jāapgūst teorētiskās zināšanas par tādiem stāvokļiem, kas izraisa redzes dubultošanos.
Interešu konflikti/izpaušana: šajā pētnieciskajā rakstā nav.
Background: Diplopia is a fairly severe symptom that can have very different causes. Every age group can develop it. Depending on the age, there is already an idea of the cause that is applicable. For example, in young children it can be thought of strabismus as the main cause, while young adults to middle-aged adults are likely to have caused diplopia by trauma or autoimmune diseases. In older people, the vascular nature of double vision should be considered. Although these are the most common age groups for the causes, it should always be looked for differential diagnosis since there may be malignant changes responsible for diplopia that need to be treated immediately to avoid completely losing vision or at least remove the potential life-threatening agent. Aim: The aim of this research paper is to determine the differential diagnosis of diplopia to have a general overview of this symptom. Methodology: To write this paper, I have searched through different databases which have been mainly PubMed but also clinical evidence bases such as Elsevier or Clinical key. It has been tried to find researches which have not been older than 15 years. There are single citations which are older than 15 years due to the lack of reliable more recent studies. Key Results: Causes for diplopia can be grouped into main categories. These can be differentiated into different categories which are conditions affecting only the brain, autoimmune pathologies, inflammatory neuropathies, cranial nerve lesions, neurodegenerative diseases, oncological pathologies, neuromuscular synapse diseases, muscle and metabolic diseases as well as ophthalmological diseases. Conclusions: Diplopia has many different causes, however there are more common causes where diplopia can be observed. It should be noted that not only diseases affecting solely the brain are responsible for this symptom. Also, it should be kept in mind, that there are infectious processes where diplopia can be reversible, however if the cause is neurological the symptom might be persistent. Physicians, especially neurologists, must be trained for conditions causing double vision more thoroughly due to its diversity of underlying diseases. Conflicts of Interest/Disclosure: None in this research paper.
Background: Diplopia is a fairly severe symptom that can have very different causes. Every age group can develop it. Depending on the age, there is already an idea of the cause that is applicable. For example, in young children it can be thought of strabismus as the main cause, while young adults to middle-aged adults are likely to have caused diplopia by trauma or autoimmune diseases. In older people, the vascular nature of double vision should be considered. Although these are the most common age groups for the causes, it should always be looked for differential diagnosis since there may be malignant changes responsible for diplopia that need to be treated immediately to avoid completely losing vision or at least remove the potential life-threatening agent. Aim: The aim of this research paper is to determine the differential diagnosis of diplopia to have a general overview of this symptom. Methodology: To write this paper, I have searched through different databases which have been mainly PubMed but also clinical evidence bases such as Elsevier or Clinical key. It has been tried to find researches which have not been older than 15 years. There are single citations which are older than 15 years due to the lack of reliable more recent studies. Key Results: Causes for diplopia can be grouped into main categories. These can be differentiated into different categories which are conditions affecting only the brain, autoimmune pathologies, inflammatory neuropathies, cranial nerve lesions, neurodegenerative diseases, oncological pathologies, neuromuscular synapse diseases, muscle and metabolic diseases as well as ophthalmological diseases. Conclusions: Diplopia has many different causes, however there are more common causes where diplopia can be observed. It should be noted that not only diseases affecting solely the brain are responsible for this symptom. Also, it should be kept in mind, that there are infectious processes where diplopia can be reversible, however if the cause is neurological the symptom might be persistent. Physicians, especially neurologists, must be trained for conditions causing double vision more thoroughly due to its diversity of underlying diseases. Conflicts of Interest/Disclosure: None in this research paper.
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Medicīna
Medicine
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Medicine
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Health Care