Optimisation of Complex and Varied Judo Standing Fighting Basic Techniques in Judokas Aged 7-12. Summary of the Doctoral Thesis
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Date
2022
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Latvian Academy of Sport Education
Abstract
Judo is a direct contact, power, non-cyclical and complex coordination sport and a variety of martial art, marked by antagonistic and changing activity (Pimenovs, 2012). Judo (pronounced juudoo in Japanese) was created in Japan in 1882, by Prof. Jigoro Kano. This works uses internationally recognized judo terms, put by the author in quotation marks and italics following the translation. Judo takes place both standing (throws and overturning) and lying, using holding methods, pain methods and throttling methods. This martial art has a very rich range of technical methods. Still, some methods have higher efficiency in competitions: these are in standing throw over the shoulder (seoi-nage), internal swing (uchi-mata), hook from the inside (o-uchi-gari) and in lying fighting side hold (kesa-gatame), hold with fixation of the head and the shoulder (katagatame), throttling from behind by catching both sides(okuri-eri-jime) (Bocioaca, 2014). In difference from other martials arts, in judo kata competitions instead of counteractions judokas demonstrate techniques in collaboration with the partner (uke). Judo is an Olympic sport, where the athletes use a wide range of complex technical methods that involve a certain risk. Judo is characterised by high intensity effort and very high physiological requirements (Franchini et al., 2011, 2015). The aim of judo is harmonious development of the person, holistic development of motor skills and health strengthening. Judo belongs to the group of sport that assess the start based on the victories, efficiency of the attack techniques, amount of technique and other indicators. Katu competitions, during which the technique of judo methods is assessed, takes place in national, European and global contexts, but they are not included in the Olympic programme. The growth of the popularity of judo in the world enables scientists to continuously seek new, efficient and scientifically grounded means and methods to prepare athletes and enable them to compete (Osipov et al., 2017). Analysing and summarising theoretical literature and practice, the author of the work concludes that the views of international judo specialists are divided into two groups: one group considers that the smallest amount of techniques is to be taught and that attention should be paid to their best acquisition, while the other group believes that technical preparation is based on the acquisition of 40 fundamental techniques (Kawaishi, 1960; Geesink, 1967; Kano, 1994; Inogai & Habersetzer, 2002; ???????, 2006; Pimenovs, 2006). However, the dominant view is that the learning of the basic technique is the optimal means and that it is important that children within the same country should fight without limits on technique application and with limitations in other countries. The author of the dissertation believes that it is important to increase the mastery of sport based on technical preparation together with the judokas’ physical conditioning, thus saving human resources, time and means. Engaging children and youths in sport activities can be achieved by motivating them by external indicators of mastery, namely belts, self-defence techniques, social development and possibility to compete in national and international tournaments, enabling to realize one’s importance. A number of sport professionals and scientists highlight that moder judo develops with the development of the complexity of technique execution (???????, 1976; Rudzītis, 1979; ????????, 1996; IJF, 2014). Therefore, it is important to find those techniques for teaching and assessment control that are optimal for the child’s dyosyncracies and changes in the process of growth (Altberts & Grāvītis, 1984; Bompa, 1990; ?????????, 1990; A. Fernāte, 2002; Bompa & Haff, 2009). Global studies in judo were not as fruitful as those in other sports, but over the previous years their number has been growing steadily. The most productive authors come from the universities of France, Brazil, and Japan. Scientific articles on judo are published mostly in judo oriented, sports and medical journals, they are topical and confirm that further study of the sport are necessary (Mancebo et al., 2013). It should be highlighted that the development of coordination in children takes place differently and different ages and in different directions. However, coordination indicators grow mostly between the ages of 7 and 9 and the ages of 9 and 11-12. Coordination development should be closely associated with the acquisition of technique of variegated motion activities and the development of physical features. These are developed at an early school age together with speed, dynamic strength, flexibility, and endurance (???, 2000; Cameron & Schell, 2012; Miarka et al., 2014; Baker & Young, 2014; Osipov et al., 2017; Bogin, 2020). Judo professionals stress that it is important to develop agility in the preschool and primary school periods. Thus, the precision of movement mostly develops between the ages of 4-5 and 7-8. Together with the development of the nervous system and dynamic and optical analysis coordination or agility develops, and it achieves 50% of its level of development at the ages of 10 – 12 – 13, whereas complete coordination, balance and sense of placement develop up to the age of 17. Coordination or agility develops best in the early and middle school age, with the simultaneous development of movement precision at the age of 7 – 16. Coordination develops most intensely at the ages of 11 and 12, reaching its maximum. Achieved coordination disappears if it is not trained (???, 2000; Cameron & Schell, 2012; Miarka et al., 2014; Baker & Young, 2014; Osipov et al., 2017; Bogin, 2020). Recently, it was only possible to engage in martial arts in Latvia from the age of 10. However, when Latvia became independent in the 1990s, the Latvian Judo Federation decided that judo training should start at the age of 8. Comparing this to other countries, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Japan, judo is being taught there from the age of 4. Today, Latvian children also begin judo training from the age of 4. Following the documents developed by Latvian sport schools, the disciples of sport schools have their results assessed only following sports achievements (victories and places), as well as by physical conditioning indicators, but technical preparation assessment is missing. The author of the dissertation stresses that varied and complex standing fighting fundamental techniques, their variety and performance possibilities, as well as everything mentioned above, puts forward many unanswered questions, the final aim of which is increasing the efficiency of the training process, which in turn also determined the choice of the theme of the work: “Optimisation of Complex and Varied Judo Standing Fighting Basic Techniques in Judokas Aged 7-12.” The author of the dissertation states that increasing the efficiency of the process of training using a range of considered means and methods is an important precondition for learning the standing fighting technique in judo. The development of modern judo is characterised by the high level of technique. It is essential to find, study and use its teaching and control technologies, which considers the child’s peculiarities and changes in the process of growing. It was and will remain topical, leading to studies in this area.
Description
The Doctoral Thesis was developed at Latvian Academy of Sport Education between 2018 and 2022. Defence: at the public session of the Promotion Council of Health and Sports Sciences on 26 July 2022 at 11.00 in the room 205., LASE (Brivibas gatve 333, Riga).
Keywords
Summary of the Doctoral Thesis, judo complex standing fighting fundamental techniques, judo varied standing fighting fundamental techniques, study optimisation, judo elements, judo technique, pupil mastery levels kyo), judokas’ technical range, technical efficiency, judo terms, judo assessment
Citation
Pimenovs, E. 2022. Optimisation of Complex and Varied Judo Standing Fighting Basic Techniques in Judokas Aged 7-12: Summary of the Doctoral Thesis: Sub-Sector – Sports pedagogy. Rīga: Latvian Academy of Sport Education. https://doi.org/10.25143/prom-rsu-lspa_2022-05_dts