Interaction of Viruses and Bacteria in Oral Cavity
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Date
2021
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
Abstract
Mutes dobumā ir sastopamas vismaz 700 baktēriju sugas, savukārt periodontālajā smaganu kabatā ir identificētas vairāk nekā 400 sugas. Mutes mikrobioma pētījumi tradicionāli ir bijuši fokusēti uz baktērijām, un tikai nesen vairāk uzmanības tika pievērsts mutes vīrusu biomam. Līdzīgi arī periodonta pētījumos ir bijusi tendence meklēt noteiktas baktēriju sugas kā slimības izraisošus aģentus periodontīta gadījumā. Lai arī periodontīts joprojām tiek uzskatīts par baktēriju izraisītu iekaisuma slimību, potenciālā vīrusu loma slimības attīstībā tika uzsvērta jaunākajās publikācijās – īpaši kopš herpesvīrusi tika pieņemti kā iespējamie periodonta patogēni 20 gs. 90. gadu vidū. Tikai baktēriju un saimniekorganismu mijiedarbība šķietami nespēj izskaidrot dažas svarīgas slimības klīniskās īpašības, piemēram, to, kuri infekcijas noteicošie faktori ierosina gingivīta attīstību par periodontītu vai transmisiju no stabila uz progresējošu periodontītu. Tomēr herpesvīrusi mazticami ir vienīgie periodontopātiskie aģenti, drīzāk tie sadarbojas ar specifiskām baktērijām audu iznīcināšanā. Ņemot vērā jaunākos atklājumus, aktīvie herpesvīrusi, specifiskas baktērijas un proinflammatoriskie citokīni ir galvenie smaga periodontīta patogēnēzes noteicēji, un pastāv vairāki ticami mehānismi, caur kuriem sinerģiska, visticamāk, slimību veicinoša, herpesvīrusu-baktēriju mijiedarbība realizējas periodontīta attīstībā. Šis pārskats sniedz jaunāko skaidrojumu par cilvēka periodontīta etiopatoģenēzi, precizē pašreizējo izpratni par herpesvīrusu imunoloģiju un to periodontopātisko potenciālu, kā arī apspriež piedāvātos herpesvīrusu-baktēriju mijiedarbības mehānismus periodontīta attīstībā.
Oral cavity is a home for at least 700 bacterial species, whereas over 400 species have been identified in the periodontal pocket. The research on the oral microbiome has been traditionally focusing on bacteria, and only recently more attention has been directed on the oral viral biome. Similarly, the hunt for specific bacterial species as disease-causing agents in periodontitis has been a trend in periodontal research. Even though periodontitis is still considered an inflammatory disease caused by bacteria, the potential role of viruses in the disease development has been emphasized by the latest publications – especially since herpesviruses were adopted as putative periodontal pathogens in the mid-1990s. Indeed, mere bacteria-host interaction seems incapable of explaining some important clinical characteristics of the disease, such as, which infectious determinants trigger the transition from gingivitis to periodontitis or from stable to progressive periodontitis. However, herpesviruses are not likely to be sole periodontopathic agents, but rather are likely to cooperate with specific bacteria in producing tissue destruction. In light of the latest findings, active herpesviruses, specific bacteria, and proinflammatory cytokines are the prime pathogenic determinants of severe periodontitis, and several plausible mechanisms exist, through which synergistic, probably disease-promoting, herpesvirus-bacteria interaction may be realized in the development of periodontitis. This review presents the latest explanation on the etiopathogenesis of human periodontitis, clarifies current understanding on the immunology and periodontopathic potential of herpesviruses, as well as discusses about the proposed mechanisms of herpesvirus-bacteria interaction in the development of periodontitis.
Oral cavity is a home for at least 700 bacterial species, whereas over 400 species have been identified in the periodontal pocket. The research on the oral microbiome has been traditionally focusing on bacteria, and only recently more attention has been directed on the oral viral biome. Similarly, the hunt for specific bacterial species as disease-causing agents in periodontitis has been a trend in periodontal research. Even though periodontitis is still considered an inflammatory disease caused by bacteria, the potential role of viruses in the disease development has been emphasized by the latest publications – especially since herpesviruses were adopted as putative periodontal pathogens in the mid-1990s. Indeed, mere bacteria-host interaction seems incapable of explaining some important clinical characteristics of the disease, such as, which infectious determinants trigger the transition from gingivitis to periodontitis or from stable to progressive periodontitis. However, herpesviruses are not likely to be sole periodontopathic agents, but rather are likely to cooperate with specific bacteria in producing tissue destruction. In light of the latest findings, active herpesviruses, specific bacteria, and proinflammatory cytokines are the prime pathogenic determinants of severe periodontitis, and several plausible mechanisms exist, through which synergistic, probably disease-promoting, herpesvirus-bacteria interaction may be realized in the development of periodontitis. This review presents the latest explanation on the etiopathogenesis of human periodontitis, clarifies current understanding on the immunology and periodontopathic potential of herpesviruses, as well as discusses about the proposed mechanisms of herpesvirus-bacteria interaction in the development of periodontitis.
Description
Zobārstniecība
Dentistry
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Dentistry
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Keywords
periodontīts, periodonta herpesvīrusi, herpesvīrusu-baktēriju mijiedarbība, Epšteina-Barra vīruss, citomegalovīruss, periodontopātiskās baktērijas, periodontitis, periodontal herpesviruses, herpesviral-bacterial interaction, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, periodontopathic bacteria