Weightlessness and it's Effect on Astronauts
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Date
2020
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Journal Title
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
Abstract
Ienākot mikrogravitācijas vidē, astronauti piedzīvo vairākas fizioloģiskas izmaiņas, kurām, atgriežoties uz Zemes, var būt nopietnas medicīniskas sekas. Papildus rotācijas spēku tūlītējai ietekmei, kas rodas, kosmosa kuģim atstājot Zemes atmosfēru, visnepieciešamākās un nozīmīgākās izmaiņas ir ķermeņa šķidrumu novirzīšanās uz galvu un gravitācijas slodzes samazināšanās no muskuļiem un kauliem, kas var izraisīt progresīvas izmaiņas balsta un kustību aparāta un sirds un asinsvadu sistēma. Sirds un asinsvadu adaptācijas rezultātā, atgriežoties uz Zemes, pēc lidojuma būs novērojama paaugstināta ortostatiskā neiecietība, kā arī sirds jaudas samazināšanās. Skeleta-muskuļu sistēma ievērojami veicinās traucētas funkcijas, piemēram, samazinās fiziskās slodzes spēja, atgriežoties uz Zemes. Lai mazinātu bezsvara stāvokli cilvēka fizioloģijā, pretpasākumi ir paredzēti, lai stimulētu līdzīgas Zemes kustības un sistēmu mijiedarbību. Vingrinājumi kosmosā ir viena no visefektīvākajām pieejām, ko izmanto gan Krievijas, gan ASV kosmosa programmās, un tas ir palīdzējis astronautiem un kosmonautiem ilgstoši saglabāt relatīvi veselīgu bezsvara stāvokli. Tomēr neatkarīgi no vingrinājumiem kosmosā fizioloģisko sistēmu degradācija bezsvara dēļ ir neizbēgama. Tā kā Elona Muska dibinātā SpaceX programma pavadīja savu pirmo komerciālo lidojumu šajā gadā 2020. gadā uz Starptautisko kosmosa staciju (ISS), tādēļ ilgtermiņa misijās un kosmosa ceļojumos ir svarīgi izstrādāt papildu pretpasākumus (SpaceX, 2020). Šajā pārskatā tiks pētīta pašreizējā literatūra par bezsvara fizioloģisko ietekmi uz cilvēka ķermeni, lai sniegtu teorētisku izpratni par turpmāko kosmosa izpēti.
As entering a microgravity environment, astronauts experience several physiological changes which can have serious medical implications when they return back to Earth. Besides the immediate effect of rotational forces experienced as the spacecraft leaves Earth’s atmosphere, the most immediate and significant change experienced, is the shift of body fluids towards the head and the decrease in gravitational loading from the muscle and bone, which may cause progressive changes in the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. As a result of cardiovascular adaptations when returning to Earth, an increased orthostatic intolerance will be seen post flight, as well as a decrease in cardiac output. The musculoskeletal system will significantly contribute to impaired functions such as reduced capacity for exercise when returning to Earth. To decrease the stress weightlessness has on the human physiology, countermeasures are therefore designed to stimulate Earth-like movements and system interactions. Exercise in space is one of the most effective approaches, both used in Russian and US space programmes, and has helped astronauts and cosmonauts to stay relatively healthy in weightlessness for a longer period. However, regardless of exercising in space, degradation of physiological systems due to weightlessness is inevitable. As the SpaceX program founded by Elon Musk, lounged their first commercial flight this year 2020 to the International Space Station (ISS), development of additional countermeasures is therefore essential for long duration missions and space travelling (SpaceX, 2020). This review will investigate current literature on the physiological effects of weightlessness on the human body, as well as the countermeasures taken, to provide a theoretical understanding for future space exploration.
As entering a microgravity environment, astronauts experience several physiological changes which can have serious medical implications when they return back to Earth. Besides the immediate effect of rotational forces experienced as the spacecraft leaves Earth’s atmosphere, the most immediate and significant change experienced, is the shift of body fluids towards the head and the decrease in gravitational loading from the muscle and bone, which may cause progressive changes in the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. As a result of cardiovascular adaptations when returning to Earth, an increased orthostatic intolerance will be seen post flight, as well as a decrease in cardiac output. The musculoskeletal system will significantly contribute to impaired functions such as reduced capacity for exercise when returning to Earth. To decrease the stress weightlessness has on the human physiology, countermeasures are therefore designed to stimulate Earth-like movements and system interactions. Exercise in space is one of the most effective approaches, both used in Russian and US space programmes, and has helped astronauts and cosmonauts to stay relatively healthy in weightlessness for a longer period. However, regardless of exercising in space, degradation of physiological systems due to weightlessness is inevitable. As the SpaceX program founded by Elon Musk, lounged their first commercial flight this year 2020 to the International Space Station (ISS), development of additional countermeasures is therefore essential for long duration missions and space travelling (SpaceX, 2020). This review will investigate current literature on the physiological effects of weightlessness on the human body, as well as the countermeasures taken, to provide a theoretical understanding for future space exploration.
As entering a microgravity environment, astronauts experience several physiological changes which can have serious medical implications when they return back to Earth. Besides the immediate effect of rotational forces experienced as the spacecraft leaves Earth’s atmosphere, the most immediate and significant change experienced, is the shift of body fluids towards the head and the decrease in gravitational loading from the muscle and bone, which may cause progressive changes in the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. As a result of cardiovascular adaptations when returning to Earth, an increased orthostatic intolerance will be seen post flight, as well as a decrease in cardiac output. The musculoskeletal system will significantly contribute to impaired functions such as reduced capacity for exercise when returning to Earth. To decrease the stress weightlessness has on the human physiology, countermeasures are therefore designed to stimulate Earth-like movements and system interactions. Exercise in space is one of the most effective approaches, both used in Russian and US space programmes, and has helped astronauts and cosmonauts to stay relatively healthy in weightlessness for a longer period. However, regardless of exercising in space, degradation of physiological systems due to weightlessness is inevitable. As the SpaceX program founded by Elon Musk, lounged their first commercial flight this year 2020 to the International Space Station (ISS), development of additional countermeasures is therefore essential for long duration missions and space travelling (SpaceX, 2020). This review will investigate current literature on the physiological effects of weightlessness on the human body, as well as the countermeasures taken, to provide a theoretical understanding for future space exploration.
As entering a microgravity environment, astronauts experience several physiological changes which can have serious medical implications when they return back to Earth. Besides the immediate effect of rotational forces experienced as the spacecraft leaves Earth’s atmosphere, the most immediate and significant change experienced, is the shift of body fluids towards the head and the decrease in gravitational loading from the muscle and bone, which may cause progressive changes in the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system. As a result of cardiovascular adaptations when returning to Earth, an increased orthostatic intolerance will be seen post flight, as well as a decrease in cardiac output. The musculoskeletal system will significantly contribute to impaired functions such as reduced capacity for exercise when returning to Earth. To decrease the stress weightlessness has on the human physiology, countermeasures are therefore designed to stimulate Earth-like movements and system interactions. Exercise in space is one of the most effective approaches, both used in Russian and US space programmes, and has helped astronauts and cosmonauts to stay relatively healthy in weightlessness for a longer period. However, regardless of exercising in space, degradation of physiological systems due to weightlessness is inevitable. As the SpaceX program founded by Elon Musk, lounged their first commercial flight this year 2020 to the International Space Station (ISS), development of additional countermeasures is therefore essential for long duration missions and space travelling (SpaceX, 2020). This review will investigate current literature on the physiological effects of weightlessness on the human body, as well as the countermeasures taken, to provide a theoretical understanding for future space exploration.
Description
Medicīna
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Keywords
Atslēgvārdi ietvēra bezsvara stāvokli, mikrogravitāciju, pasliktināšanos un pretdarbību., Weightlessness, microgravity, astronauts, deterioration and countereffects.