Diagnostics of Melanoma in Human Skin
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
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Pēdējo desmitgažu laikā saslimstība ar melanomu ir nepārtraukti pieaugusi. Ja diagnoze tiek diagnosticēta vēlīnās stadijās, mirstība un ekonomiskais slogs veselības sistēmai ir augsts, tāpēc agrīna un precīza diagnostika ir izšķiroša. Lai gan ekscīzija un histopatoloģija ir melanomas noteikšanas zelta standarts, ļoti svarīgi ir pareizi diagnosticēt, kuri bojājumi ir jāizgriež in vivo. Līdz ar to ir izstrādāti dažādi instrumenti un metodes, lai atvieglotu diagnostiku slimības agrīnajā stadijā un precīzi stratificētu, kuri bojājumi ir jāizgriež, lai samazinātu nevajadzīgu izgriešanas gadījumu skaitu. Šī literatūras apskata mērķis ir izprast un izskaidrot dažādus vecos un jaunos diagnostikas rīkus un analizēt to efektivitāti melanomas diagnostikā, uzsverot to lomu agrīnā diagnostikā, kā arī to diagnostikas precizitāti, lai pareizi atšķirtu labdabīgus un ļaundabīgus bojājumus. Analizētās metodes ietver skūšanās biopsiju, lentes genoma analīzi, dermoskopiju, visa ķermeņa fotografēšanu, secīgu digitālo dermoskopiju, datorizētas palīgierīces, mākslīgo intelektu, atstarošanas konfokālo mikroskopiju, elektriskās pretestības spektroskopiju un seroloģiskos biomarķierus. Šim pārskatam ir veikta visaptveroša datubāzu PubMed un ScienceDirect meklēšana, mēģinot iekļaut galvenokārt pēdējos 10 gados publicētos pētnieciskos rakstus ar pilnu tekstu. DeepDyve ir izmantots, lai piekļūtu dažu rakstu pilnam tekstam. Visbeidzot, ir iekļauti 107 raksti. Ir konstatēts, ka dermoskopija un klīniskā izmeklēšana ir visbiežāk izmantotās primārās diagnostikas metodes, taču to salīdzinoši zemā specifika izraisa dažas melanomas un lielu skaitu izgrieztu labdabīgu bojājumu. Kā potenciālie papildinājumi ir pieejami dažādi jauni rīki ar daudzsološiem rezultātiem attiecībā uz to jutīgumu un specifiskumu pareizai ādas melanomas diagnostikai, taču dažiem ir ierobežojumi, kas kavē to diagnostikas precizitāti un potenciālu ieviešanai klīniskajā praksē.
The incidence of melanoma has been continuously rising in the recent decades. When diagnosed in late stages, mortality and economic burden on the health system are high, making early and accurate diagnosis pivotal. While excision and histopathology are gold standard of melanoma detection, correctly diagnosing which lesions should be excised in vivo is of high importance. Hence, various tools and methods have been developed to facilitate diagnosis in early stage of the disease and stratify accurately which lesions should be excised, aiming to reduce the number of unnecessary excisions. This literature review aims to understand and explain the various old and new diagnostic tools and analyze their efficacy of melanoma diagnosis, with an emphasis on their role in early diagnosis as well as their diagnostic accuracy to correctly differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Analyzed methods include shave biopsy, tape strip genomic analysis, dermoscopy, total body photography, sequential digital dermoscopy, computerized assisting devices, artificial intelligence, reflectance confocal microscopy, electrical impedance spectroscopy and serologic biomarkers. For this review, a comprehensive search of the databases PubMed and ScienceDirect has been undertaken, trying to include mainly research articles published in the last 10 years, with full text available. DeepDyve has been used to gain access to full text for a few articles. Finally, 107 articles have been included. It has been found that dermoscopy and clinical examination are the most commonly used methods for primary diagnosis, but their comparatively low specificity leads to some missed melanomas and a high number of excised benign lesions. Various new tools are available as potential adjuncts with promising results regarding their sensitivity and specificity for correct diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma, but some come with limitations which hamper their diagnostic accuracy and potential for implementation in clinical practice.
The incidence of melanoma has been continuously rising in the recent decades. When diagnosed in late stages, mortality and economic burden on the health system are high, making early and accurate diagnosis pivotal. While excision and histopathology are gold standard of melanoma detection, correctly diagnosing which lesions should be excised in vivo is of high importance. Hence, various tools and methods have been developed to facilitate diagnosis in early stage of the disease and stratify accurately which lesions should be excised, aiming to reduce the number of unnecessary excisions. This literature review aims to understand and explain the various old and new diagnostic tools and analyze their efficacy of melanoma diagnosis, with an emphasis on their role in early diagnosis as well as their diagnostic accuracy to correctly differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Analyzed methods include shave biopsy, tape strip genomic analysis, dermoscopy, total body photography, sequential digital dermoscopy, computerized assisting devices, artificial intelligence, reflectance confocal microscopy, electrical impedance spectroscopy and serologic biomarkers. For this review, a comprehensive search of the databases PubMed and ScienceDirect has been undertaken, trying to include mainly research articles published in the last 10 years, with full text available. DeepDyve has been used to gain access to full text for a few articles. Finally, 107 articles have been included. It has been found that dermoscopy and clinical examination are the most commonly used methods for primary diagnosis, but their comparatively low specificity leads to some missed melanomas and a high number of excised benign lesions. Various new tools are available as potential adjuncts with promising results regarding their sensitivity and specificity for correct diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma, but some come with limitations which hamper their diagnostic accuracy and potential for implementation in clinical practice.
Description
Medicīna
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Atslēgas vārdi
Ādas ļaundabīga melanoma, diagnostika, stadijas noteikšana, agrīna diagnostika, Breslova biezums, biopsijai nepieciešamais skaits, diagnostikas precizitāte, dermoskopija, biopsija, atstarošanas konfokālā mikroskopija, elektriskās pretestības spektroskopija, mākslīgais intelekts, visa ķermeņa fotogra, Cutaneous malignant melanoma, diagnostics, staging, early diagnosis, Breslow thickness, number needed to biopsy, diagnostic accuracy, dermoscopy, biopsy, reflectance confocal microscopy, electrical impedance spectroscopy, artificial intelligence, total body photography, sequential digital dermoscopy