Pigmentary Disorders on Human Skin
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
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Pigmentācijas traucējumi var attīstīties dažādu faktoru ietekmē, izraisot cilvēka ādas krāsas izmaiņas. Tie var būt gaišāki vai tumšāki laukumi nekā apkārtējā āda, ko iedala hipopigmentētos vai hiperpigmentētos ādas bojājumos. Ādas krāsa ir atkarīga no pigmenta daudzuma, ko sauc arī par melanīnu, un no melanīna veida. Divi melanīna veidi ir eumelanīns, kas rada brūnus un tumšākus toņus, un pheomelanīns, kas rada gaišus un sarkanīgus toņus. Melanīna klātbūtni ādas augšējā slānī ietekmē ģenētiskie faktori, saules iedarbība, hormoni, zāles un vides faktori. Melanīna pigmentacijas traucējumi ādā izpaužas dažādos veidos, tostarp ģenētiski ietekmētos, piemēram, albīnismā un Vārdenburgas sindromā, pēc iekaisuma reakcijās vai autoimūnās slimībās, piemēram, vitiligo. Pigmentāro traucējumu ārstēšana ir atkarīga no to cēloņa, tā ietver lokālus līdzekļus, ķīmisko pīlingu vai lāzerterapiju.
Mērķis: Darba mērķis ir sniegt pārskatu par pigmentācijas traucējumiem cilvēka āda, īpaši par ādas hiperpigmentāciju un hipopigmentāciju. Izpētīt pigmentācijas traucējumu ārstēšanas iespējas, uzsvaru liekot uz lokāliem līdzekļiem, ķīmiskajiem pīlingiem un lāzerterapijām, kā arī izvērtējot to efektivitāti un ar terapiju saistīto nelabvēlīgo ietekmi.
Materiāls un metodes: Zinātniskā darba pamatā ir sistemātisks literatūras pārskats, kas balstīts uz klīniskiem pētījumiem un rakstiem, kas iegūti ClinicalKey, PubMed un UpToDate datu bāzēs.
Diskusija: Pigmentāro traucējumu cēloņi hipopigmentācijas gadījumā var būt saistīti ar ģenētiskām mutācijām, iekaisumiem, infekcijām, var būt autoimūni. Hiperpigmentāciju var izraisīt tādi faktori kā saules UV staru iedarbība, hormonālās izmaiņas, iekaisums, ģenētiskas mutācijas vai medikamenti. Lāzerterapija ir efektīva ārstēšanas iespēja, taču tā var izraisīt pēciekaisuma hiperpigmentāciju. Vietējie kalcineirīna inhibitori izraisa ādā mazāk blakusparādību nekā ārstēšana ar lokāliem kortikosteroīdiem.
Secinājums: Šo pārskatu var izmantot, lai sniegtu informāciju par iespējamiem hipopigmentācijas un hiperpigmentācijas cēloņiem, kā arī par ārstēšanas iespējām, to efektivitāti un iespējamām blakusparādībām.
Pigmentary disorders are conditions that affects the skin pigmentation causing a variation of the colour of the human skin. These alterations can either present as lighter or darker than the surrounding skin, in other words hypo- or hyper pigmentated. The skin colour is dependent on the amount of pigment, also known as melanin, and the type of melanin that is produced. The two types of melanin are eumelanin, produces brown and darker tones, and pheomelanin, that produces light and reddish tones. Melanin is present in upper layer of the skin and is influenced by genetics, sun exposure, hormones, drugs, and environmental factors. Disturbances in the melanin production manifests in various disorders, including genetic conditions such as Albinism and Waardenburg Syndrome, post inflammatory reactions or autoimmune diseases like Vitiligo. Treatment of pigmentary disorders depends on its cause, but they involve topical agents, chemical peels, or laser therapy. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of pigmentary disorders on human skin, specifically on disorders causing hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation of the skin. Exploring possible treatment options, with an emphasis on topical agents, chemical peels, and laser therapies, and noting their effectiveness and associated adverse effects. Material and methods: This thesis is built upon a systematic review based of relevant literature, including clinical studies, and articles based off sources from ClinicalKey, PubMed and UpToDate. Discussion: The causes of pigmentary disorders are many, in the case of hypopigmentation it can be due to genetic mutations, inflammation, infections and have even shown a correlation with autoimmunity. Hyperpigmentation can be triggered by factors such as sun exposure, hormonal changes, inflammation, genetic mutations, or even be drug-induced. Laser therapy is an effective treatment option but can induce post inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Topical calcineurin inhibitors have shown fewer side effects than treatment with topical corticosteroids. Conclusion: This review can be used to enlighten the people on the possible causes of both hypo- and hyperpigmentation as well as the possible treatment options, their effectivity and possible side effects.
Pigmentary disorders are conditions that affects the skin pigmentation causing a variation of the colour of the human skin. These alterations can either present as lighter or darker than the surrounding skin, in other words hypo- or hyper pigmentated. The skin colour is dependent on the amount of pigment, also known as melanin, and the type of melanin that is produced. The two types of melanin are eumelanin, produces brown and darker tones, and pheomelanin, that produces light and reddish tones. Melanin is present in upper layer of the skin and is influenced by genetics, sun exposure, hormones, drugs, and environmental factors. Disturbances in the melanin production manifests in various disorders, including genetic conditions such as Albinism and Waardenburg Syndrome, post inflammatory reactions or autoimmune diseases like Vitiligo. Treatment of pigmentary disorders depends on its cause, but they involve topical agents, chemical peels, or laser therapy. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of pigmentary disorders on human skin, specifically on disorders causing hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation of the skin. Exploring possible treatment options, with an emphasis on topical agents, chemical peels, and laser therapies, and noting their effectiveness and associated adverse effects. Material and methods: This thesis is built upon a systematic review based of relevant literature, including clinical studies, and articles based off sources from ClinicalKey, PubMed and UpToDate. Discussion: The causes of pigmentary disorders are many, in the case of hypopigmentation it can be due to genetic mutations, inflammation, infections and have even shown a correlation with autoimmunity. Hyperpigmentation can be triggered by factors such as sun exposure, hormonal changes, inflammation, genetic mutations, or even be drug-induced. Laser therapy is an effective treatment option but can induce post inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Topical calcineurin inhibitors have shown fewer side effects than treatment with topical corticosteroids. Conclusion: This review can be used to enlighten the people on the possible causes of both hypo- and hyperpigmentation as well as the possible treatment options, their effectivity and possible side effects.
Description
Medicīna
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Medicine
Veselības aprūpe
Health Care
Atslēgas vārdi
melanoģenēze, hiperpigmentācija, hipopigmentācija, iedzimti pigmentācijas traucējumi, iegūti pigmentācijas traucējumi, fototerapija, ādas izgaismošana, repigmentācija, Melanogenesis, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, congenital pigmentary disorders, acquired pigmentary disorders, phototherapy, skin lightening, repigmentation