Saskarsmes tiesība un tās realizēšanas tiesiskie un praktiskie aspekti
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Date
2022
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Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
Abstract
Bērna personības attīstībā svarīgu lomu spēlē bērnības pieredze un attiecības ar abiem vecākiem. Situācija, kad bērns nesatiekas ar saviem vecākiem, būtu pieļaujama tikai tad, ja vecāku personībā vai uzvedībā būtu stabilas iezīmes, kuru izpausmes varētu apdraudēt bērna drošību, garīgo un intelektuālo attīstību vai radītu iespēju neveselīga un neadekvāta pasaules uzskata veidošanai.
Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācijas 1989.gada 20.novembra Konvencijas (turpmāk – Konvencija) par bērna tiesībām 9.panta 3.punktā ir norādīts, ka dalībvalstis respektē no viena vai abiem vecākiem šķirta bērna tiesības pastāvīgi uzturēt personiskas attiecības un tiešus kontaktus ar abiem vecākiem, izņemot gadījumus, kad tas ir pretrunā bērna interesēm.
Latvijā arvien pieaug civillietu skaits par saskarsmes tiesību izmantošanas kārtības noteikšanu, ierobežošanu un atcelšanu. 2019.gadā Latvijas pirmās instances tiesās bija saņemtas un izskatītas 266 / 259 lietas par saskarsmes tiesību izmantošanas kārtības noteikšanu. 2020.gadā – 272 / 229 lietas un 2021.gadā – 281 / 295 lietas.
Daļu no tiesu spriedumiem ir apgrūtinoši vai neiespējami izpildīt, jo vecāks, ar kuru bērns dzīvo ikdienā, ļaunprātīgi izmanto savu vecāka tiesību, izvairās vai kavē tiesas sprieduma izpildi, tādā veidā nenodrošina bērnam viņa tiesību izmantot saskarsmi ar šķirto dzīvojošo vecāku. Savukārt šķirti dzīvojošam vecākam nav iespējams realizēt savu tiesību un pienākumu uzturēt personiskas attiecības un tiešus kontaktus ar bērnu, kā to nosāka Civillikuma 181.pants.
Darba mērķis: izpētot saskarsmes tiesību normatīvo regulējumu un tā piemērošanas un izpildes praktiskos aspektus, izstrādāt priekšlikumus iespējamiem problēmjautājumiem, lai uzlabotu saskarsmes tiesību nodrošināšanas iespējas.
Lai minēto mērķi sasniegtu, autore izvirza 4 (četrus) uzdevumus:
1. izanalizēt saskarsmes tiesību jēdzienu un būtību, tā vēsturiskās attīstības aspektus;
2. izpētīt normatīvo regulējumu saskarsmes tiesību jomā gan starptautiskajā, gan nacionālajā līmenī;
3. izpētīt tiesas un bāriņtiesas kompetenci saskarsmes tiesību noteikšanā, kā arī tiesas sprieduma neizpildes sekas;
4. izpētīt ārvalstu praksi saskarsmes tiesību noteikšanas ietvaros.
Darbs sastāv no ievada, 4 (četrām) nodaļām un nobeiguma.
Kopējais darba apjoms ir 84 lappuses.
Childhood experiences and relationships with both parents play an important role in a child's personal development. A situation in which a child does not meet his or her parents should only be tolerated if there are stable traits in the personality or behaviour of the parents that could endanger the child's safety, mental and intellectual development or create the possibility of an unhealthy and inadequate worldview. Article 9(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989 (hereinafter "the Convention") states that States Parties shall respect the right of a child separated from one or both parents to maintain at all times a personal relationship and direct contact with both parents, except where this is contrary to the best interests of the child. In 2019, Latvian courts of first instance received and dealt with 266 / 259 cases concerning the establishment of access arrangements. In 2020 – 272 / 229 cases and in 2021 – 281 / 295 cases. Some of the court judgments are difficult or impossible to enforce because the parent with whom the child lives on a daily basis abuses his/her parental rights, avoids or delays the enforcement of the court judgment, thus failing to ensure the child's right to exercise access to the divorced parent. However, it is impossible for the separated parent to exercise his/her right and obligation to maintain personal relations and direct contact with the child, as laid down in Article 181 of the Civil Code. The aim of the paper is to examine the legal framework of the right of access and the practical aspects of its application and enforcement, and to develop proposals on possible problematic issues in order to improve the possibilities of ensuring the right of access. In order to achieve this objective, the author sets 4 (four) tasks: 1. to analyse the concept and essence of the right of access, aspects of its historical development; 2. to study the regulatory framework in the field of the right of access at both international and national level; 3. to study the competence of the court and the orphans' court to determine the right of access, as well as the consequences of non-compliance with a court judgment; 4. to study foreign practice in the field of the determination of rights of access. The thesis consists of an introduction, 4 (four) chapters and a conclusion. The total length of the work is 84 pages.
Childhood experiences and relationships with both parents play an important role in a child's personal development. A situation in which a child does not meet his or her parents should only be tolerated if there are stable traits in the personality or behaviour of the parents that could endanger the child's safety, mental and intellectual development or create the possibility of an unhealthy and inadequate worldview. Article 9(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989 (hereinafter "the Convention") states that States Parties shall respect the right of a child separated from one or both parents to maintain at all times a personal relationship and direct contact with both parents, except where this is contrary to the best interests of the child. In 2019, Latvian courts of first instance received and dealt with 266 / 259 cases concerning the establishment of access arrangements. In 2020 – 272 / 229 cases and in 2021 – 281 / 295 cases. Some of the court judgments are difficult or impossible to enforce because the parent with whom the child lives on a daily basis abuses his/her parental rights, avoids or delays the enforcement of the court judgment, thus failing to ensure the child's right to exercise access to the divorced parent. However, it is impossible for the separated parent to exercise his/her right and obligation to maintain personal relations and direct contact with the child, as laid down in Article 181 of the Civil Code. The aim of the paper is to examine the legal framework of the right of access and the practical aspects of its application and enforcement, and to develop proposals on possible problematic issues in order to improve the possibilities of ensuring the right of access. In order to achieve this objective, the author sets 4 (four) tasks: 1. to analyse the concept and essence of the right of access, aspects of its historical development; 2. to study the regulatory framework in the field of the right of access at both international and national level; 3. to study the competence of the court and the orphans' court to determine the right of access, as well as the consequences of non-compliance with a court judgment; 4. to study foreign practice in the field of the determination of rights of access. The thesis consists of an introduction, 4 (four) chapters and a conclusion. The total length of the work is 84 pages.
Description
Tiesību zinātne
Law Science
Tiesību zinātne
Law Science
Law Science
Tiesību zinātne
Law Science
Keywords
saskarsmes tiesība, right of access