Changes in the profile of antimicrobial resistance in Latvia and in the world during the last 20 years

Abstract

This research paper covers literature about antimicrobial resistance from the past 20 years in the world and in Latvia. Changes in antimicrobial resistance have received a lot of attention in the past 20 years, but still millions of people die due to either direct or indirect causes of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major health threats globally in modern day medicine. The aim of this review is to estimate the changes in resistance in the past 20 years and evaluate the research done on the microbials. Findings were that in bacterial infections some resistances were decreased and in some the changes were minimal, but there were also seen new resistances for example to carbapenems. Surveys showed that in better coverage of antibiotic susceptibility testing the resistance percentage decreased. Changes in HIV resistance were due to the introduction of integrase strand inhibitors. One of the new pathogens with antimicrobial resistance was fungi. There was seen high resistance rates in multiple fungi, such as C. auris, but major flaw for many fungi was the lack of data and surveys about antifungal resistance in the world. Resistance in tuberculosis has been decreasing since 2015. Despite the increase in testing coverage, there was not detected an increase in the total number of resistances.