Rakstu krājums "Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence"

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    Public Preferences Between Wars of Necessity and Wars of Choice
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Yeh, Yao-Yuan; University of St. Thomas – Houston, Department of International Studies & Modern Languages
    As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), the author assesses preferences and attitudes in societies regarding wars of necessity and wars of choice, as well as reasoning of individuals in willing or unwilling to defend own countries. The author underlines that the level of willingness to defend own country depends on the nature of a potential conflict that the society in question is about to face – either one of necessity, or as a choice. The former here relates to self-defence against immediate threats while the latter to more distant threats.
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    Willingness to Defend Latvia: Suffering from Disillusionment, Distrust and Individual Preferences and Abilities
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Palkova, Aleksandra; Rīga Stradiņš University and Latvian Institute of International Affairs
    As a part of the publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), the author of this chapter assesses willingness to defend Latvia. In Latvia, the willingness level is lower than in Estonia but higher than in Lithuania. That level is neither high nor low in a regional and global context. The author in her chapter names the main categories of reasons that affect the situation. First, a set of detrimental factors – disillusionment with political and economic development and the related widespread distrust in state institutions and politicians. Second is a mixed factor & actor – Russia. Its military conflict with Ukraine, assertive behaviour and negative rhetoric towards Latvia have made a considerable part of the Latvian society feel insecure, whereas another part of the society, mostly Russian speakers, remain more sympathetic to Russia. Third is an impeding mix of physiological and physical factors – complacency resulting from the lack of recent experience of notable conflicts and the lack of military training of most people.
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    Willingness to Defend Estonia: Fostered by Civil-Military Integration and Communication
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Juurvee, Ivo; International Centre for Defence and Security and Estonian Military Academy
    As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), the author of this chapter assesses willingness to defend Estonia. The author puts forth several points. While such factors as historical experience, i.e., the Soviet occupation and visibility of NATO Allies, are shared with both Latvia and Lithuania, other reasons are more Estonia-specific. Among these are the effective integration of military and civilian sector, i.e., a mature conscription system, operational reservists’ system, and effective military-civilian communication. Another positive factor is the Nordic, or more specifically Finnish, influence on the Estonian military culture, as well as the governance approach and lifestyle in broader terms. Nevertheless, a notable issue remains – level of willingness is lower among non-Estonians, i.e., Russian speakers.
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    Willingness to Defend Lithuania: “System Problem Detected, Action Pending”
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Gajauskaitė, Ieva; General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
    As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), the author of this chapter assesses willingness to defend Lithuania. The author suggests taking extra care in interpreting the scarce data on willingness to defend country available on Lithuania. Nevertheless, the author observes that issues with willingness to defend Lithuania exist. The author underlines patriotism, pride in the state, as well as specific skills, i.e., military experience, and active civil society as the main preconditions for willingness to defend own country. To a various degree, in all those aspects space for progress in Lithuania remains. Attitude towards the state is a broad and complex issue to address. While conscription was reintroduced in Lithuania in 2015, its effect on willingness to defend Lithuania has not yet reached its full potential. Space for progress in societal attitudes is acknowledged also by the Lithuanian authorities, which treat it primarily in the context of civil resistance.
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    Conclusions and Recommendations: Between Unwillingness and Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States and Beyond
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Andžāns, Māris; Rīga Stradiņš University and Latvian Institute of International Affairs
    Conclusions and recommendations of the publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), where the scientific editor of the publication summarizes the findings and offers recommendations.
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    Willingness to Defend the Baltic States in Quantitative Terms
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Andžāns, Māris; Rīga Stradiņš University and Latvian Institute of International Affairs
    As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), author of this chapter reviews quantitative data on willingness to defend and to fight for own country in the Baltic states. It is an updated version of a fragment from previous scientific publication by the author.
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    Conceptualizing Willingness to Defend and to Fight for Own Country
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Andžāns, Māris; Rīga Stradiņš University and Latvian Institute of International Affairs
    As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), author of this chapter reviews the conceptual aspects of willingness to defend and to fight for own country. It is an updated version of a fragment from previous scientific publication by the author.
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    Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Andžāns, Māris; Gajauskaitė, Ieva; Juurvee, Ivo; Palkova, Aleksandra; Yeh, Yao-Yuan; Vargulis, Mārtiņš; Andžāns, Māris
    The publication reflects on one of the core aspects and indicators of societal resilience and national defence – why ordinary people are or are not willing to defend their own countries. Based on a review of conceptual considerations and statistical data, an international team of scientists have explored the situation in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and its implications to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
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    NATO and the Role of Societal Resilience and Willingness to Defend Own Country
    (Rīga Stradiņš University, 2021) Vargulis, Mārtiņš; Rīga Stradiņš University and Latvian Institute of International Affairs
    As a part of the overarching publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), author of this chapter analyses policies and measures of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in fostering societal resilience and willingness to defend own country. The author underlines that the concept of resilience has gained additional foothold in the recent years in NATO. Notwithstanding that, interaction with the member states’ societies and resilience thereof primarily remains the responsibility of NATO member states themselves.