Browsing by Author "Solovjova, Jeļena"

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    Effects of breathing exercises on young swimmers’ respiratory system parameters and performance
    (2024-09-24) Jakubovskis, Germans; Zuša, Anna; Solovjova, Jeļena; Boobani, Behnam; Glaskova-Kuzmina, Tatjana; Grants, Juris; Žīdens, Jānis; Latvian Academy of Sport Education (LASE)
    Breathing exercises are widely used to enhance respiratory function and athletic performance. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a modified exercise regimen on respiratory parameters and its effect on the performance of young swimmers in competition. Thirty-one swimmers aged 16–17 from various clubs in Latvia were selected, comprising an experimental group (n = 15, height: 174.36 ± 7.85 cm, weight: 65.80 ± 9.35 kg, body mass index: 21.60 ± 1.54) and a control group (n = 16, height: 180.78 ± 7.05 cm, weight: 69.90 ± 6.49 kg, body mass index: 21.40 ± 1.56). With an average of eight years of experience, participants trained for approximately 43–45 weeks annually (pool and gym sessions), with an average training duration of 20 ± 2 hours per week. Measurements were conducted on days one and 30, involving spirometry and swimming performance assessment based on the best results in the freestyle 100-meter distance. The experiment consisted of a modified breathing exercise performed thrice weekly for four weeks. Significant improvements were observed in the experimental group compared to the control group in forced vital capacity (p = 0.02), peak inspiratory flow (p = 0.001), and performance (p = 0.001), with p-values < 0.05. However, no significant changes were noted in peak expiratory flow (p = 0.46 > 0.05). The findings indicate that modified breathing exercises effectively enhance respiratory parameters and performance in competitive swimmers.
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    Peldētāju sacensību darbības un elpošanas sistēmas kvantitatīvo parametru pilnveide. Promocijas darba kopsavilkums / Quantitative Parameter Improvement of Competitive Activity and the Respiratory System of Swimmers. Summary of the Doctoral Thesis
    (Latvian Academy of Sport Education, 2023) Jakubovskis, Germans; Solovjova, Jeļena
    Swimming is a world-renowned and developed sport, which has been included in the Summer Olympic Games since 1896. Covering various distances in the shortest time possible is the main goal of this sport. Since 2000, records have been achieved in swimming three times more often than in track and field athletics. As a result, the technical and physical preparedness of swimmers is subject to more and more higher requirements, which arouses the interest of sport specialists and promotes scientific research. Latvian swimmers regularly participate in international competitions. Speaking of high achievements (Olympic medals), only three athletes can be mentioned: Jānis Konrads, Georgijs Kuļikovs and Arsens Miskarovs (Jākabsone, 2015; Nacionālā enciklopēdija, 2018). Moreover, today’s best Latvian swimmers can be proud of their achievements only in the junior group. In order to promote the performance of Latvian swimmers in competitions, it is necessary to look for new training methods and means. A scientific approach to improving swimming technique can definitely give Latvian swimmers a competitive advantage. Researchers and analysts have paid a lot of attention to the competitive activities of finalists of the World and European Swimming Championships, and the issue of increasing technical preparation and the possibilities of improving results (Craig, Pendergast, 1979; Хальянд, 1986; Kennedy, Brown, Chengalur, Nelson, 1990; Arellano, Brown, Cappaert, Nelson, 1994; Thompson, Haljand, Cooper, Palfrey, 2000; Cossor, Mason, 2001; Клешнев, 2001; Tourny-Chollet, Chollet, Hogie, Papparodopoulos, 2002; Hellard, Dekerle, Avalos, Caudal, Knopp, Hausswirth, 2008; Robertson, Pyne, Hopkins, Anson, 2009; Mytton, Archer, St Clair, Thompson, 2014; Veiga, Navarro, Gonzales-Frutos, 2014; Skyriene, 2016). In recent years, the greatest growth in the results of swimming competitions has been observed in connection with the underwater section. Researchers who have ever touched this topic unanimously note that “the underwater section is the fastest section of a competition distance, the result of which most affects the result of the competition in any distance, in any swimming style and for both genders” (Kennedy, Brown, Chengalur, Nelson, 1990; Arellano, Brown, Cappaert, Nelson, 1994; Colman, Persyn, Ungerechts, 1999; Cossor, Mason, 2001; Blanksby et al., 2001; Smith, Esau, Norris, Bidrmann, 2002; Ruschel, Araùjo, Pereira, Roesler, 2007; Скирене, Зуозене, 2008, 2009; Collard, Oboeuf, 2009; Veiga, Roig, Gómez-Ruano, 2016; Shimojo, Naraa, Babaa, Ichikawaa, Ikeda & Shimoyama, 2019). Several studies have been devoted to covering the underwater section. Thayer & Hay (1984) stated that the total underwater section distance in a 100 m swimming distance is up to 33%. Most of the research is on the technique and biomechanics of underwater undulatory swimming (Литвинов & Фоменко, 2005; Gavilán, Arellano & Sanders, 2006; Arellano, Terrés-Nicoli & Redondo, 2006; Zamparo, Vicentini, Scattolini, Rigamonti & Bonifaci, 2012; Hochstein & Blickhan, 2011, 2014; Atkison, Dickey, Dragunas & Nolte, 2014; Higgs, Pease & Sanders, 2015; Yamakawa et al.,2017; Wadrzyk, Nosiadek, & Staszkiewicz, 2017; Wadrzyk, Staszkiewicz, Zegler & Kryst, 2021). The efficiency of covering the underwater section is closely related to the ability of swimmers to quickly inhale 2 - 3 litres of air and hold their breath in order to move their legs underwater in a wave-like manner after the start jump and in each turn throughout the whole underwater distance. This is determined by the swimmer’s special physical training, the peculiarities of the respiratory system and the age of the athlete (Садовников, 1979; Солопов, 1988; Bulgakova & Makarenko, 1996; Мосунов, 1998; Булгакова, 2001; Григонене & Скирене, 2006; Зуозене, Скирене, Каваляускас, Григонене & Печюнас, 2007; Edwards & Walker, 2009; Диверт & Кривощеков, 2013; Кривощеков, Диверт, Мельников, Водяницкий & Гиренко, 2013; McCabe et al., 2015; Нарскин, Мельников & Врублевский, 2016). The peculiarities of the respiratory system of swimmers are widely described in scientific literature (Абрамов, 1964; Солопов, 1988; Wakayoshi, D’Acquisto, Cappaert et al., 1995; Cardelli, Lerda, Chollet, 2000; Wells, Plyley, Thomas, Goodman, Duffin, 2005; Pedersen, Kjendlie, 2006; Wylegala, Pendergast, Gosselin, Warkander, Lundgren, 2006; Kilding, Brown, McConnell, 2009; Диверт, Кривощеков, 2013; Pedersen, Kjendlie, 2014; McCabe, Sanders, Psycharakis, 2015; do Couto, Franken, de Souza Castro, 2015; Кривощеков, Диверт, Мельников, Водяницкий, Нарскин, Мельников, Врублевский, 2013; Диверт, Комлягина, Красникова, Мартынов, Тимофеев, Кривощеков, 2017). However, there is less research on the respiratory system parameters that may be related to effective swimming during the underwater section (Dybinska, Kucia-Czyszczon, Kaca, Staron, Chodinow, 2012; Priya, 2014). There is a lack of experimental research that answers the following questions: “How do the competitive activity parameters differ among finalists of the Latvian and the European Swimming Championships?”, “What are the kinematic and biomechanical indicators of underwater undulatory swimming?”, “What are the differences between swimmers of different qualifications?”, “What is the development level of the respiratory system of Latvian swimmers?”, “Are there any correlations between competition results (FINA points) and the respiratory system parameters?”, “Is the physical training of junior swimmers sufficient to effectively cover underwater sections?”, “How does respiratory muscle training affect the inspiratory muscle strength and competition results of junior swimmers?”, etc. These questions are especially relevant today, as the achievements of Latvian swimmers on the international scale are not comparable to the results of neighbouring countries. Taking into account the topicality of this issue, a study was conducted within the framework of the Doctoral Thesis, the results of which might help Latvian swimmers to achieve their best results by improving the functioning of the respiratory system, the ability to hold their breath, and the efficiency of covering the underwater section. .
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    Peldētāju sacensību darbības un elpošanas sistēmas kvantitatīvo parametru pilnveide. Promocijas darbs
    (Latvijas Sporta pedagoģijas akadēmija, 2023) Jakubovskis, Germans; Solovjova, Jeļena
    Peldēšana – pasaulē populārs, attīstīts sporta veids, kas kopš 1896. gada iekļauts vasaras olimpiskajās spēlēs. Dažādu distanču veikšana pēc iespējas īsākā laikā ir galvenais šī sporta veida mērķis. Kopš 2000. gada peldēšanā rekordi sasniegti vidēji trīs reizes biežāk nekā vieglatlētikā. Līdz ar to peldētāju tehniskajai un fiziskajai sagatavotībai tiek izvirzītas arvien augstākas prasības, kas izraisa sporta speciālistu interesi un veicina zinātnisko izpēti. Latvijas peldētāji regulāri piedalās starptautiskā mēroga sacensībās. Runājot par augstiem sasniegumiem (olimpiskās medaļas), var minēt tikai trīs sportistus: Jānis Konrads, Georgijs Kuļikovs un Arsens Miskarovs (Jākabsone, 2015; Nacionālā enciklopēdija, 2018). Mūsdienu Latvijas labākie peldētāji var lepoties ar sasniegumiem tikai junioru grupā. Lai veicinātu Latvijas peldētāju sniegumu sacensībās ir nepieciešams meklēt jaunas treniņu metodes un līdzekļus. Zinātnisks skatījums uz peldēšanas tehnikas uzlabošanu noteikti var dot Latvijas peldētājiem konkurences priekšrocības. Pētnieki un analītiķi lielu uzmanību ir pievērsuši pasaules un Eiropas peldēšanas čempionātu finālistu sacensību darbībām, tehniskās sagatavotības paaugstināšanas problēmai un rezultātu uzlabošanas iespējām (Craig & Pendergast, 1979; Хальянд, Тамп & Каал, 1986; Kennedy, Brown, Chengalur & Nelson, 1990; Arellano, Brown, Cappaert & Nelson, 1994; Thompson, Haljand, Cooper & Palfrey, 2000; Cossor & Mason, 2001; Клешнев, 2001; Tourny-Chollet, Chollet, Hogie & Papparodopoulos, 2002; Hellard, Dekerle, Avalos, Caudal, Knopp & Hausswirth, 2008; Robertson, Pyne, Hopkins & Anson, 2009; Скирене & Зуозене, 2009; Скирене, 2010; Mytton, Archer, StClair & Thompson, 2014; Veiga, Cala, Frutos & Navarro, 2014; Skyriene, 2016), savukārt Latvijas peldēšanā, nekas līdzīgs nav izdarīts. Pēdējos gados peldēšanas sacensību rezultātu vislielākā izaugsme ir novērota saistībā ar zemūdens posmu. Sporta zinātnes pētnieki, kuri ir aktualizējuši šo tēmu, vienbalsīgi izsakās: “Zemūdens daļa – pati ātrākā sacensību distances daļa, kuras rezultāts visvairāk iespaido sacensību rezultātu jebkurā distancē, jebkurā peldēšanas veidā un abiem dzimumiem.” (Arellano et al., 1994; Colman, Persyn & Ungerechts, 1999; Cossor & Mason, 2001; Blanksby, Nicholson & Elliot, 2002; Smith, Esau, Norris & Bidrmann, 2002; Ruschel, Araùjo, Pereira & Roesler, 2007; Collard & Oboeuf, 2009; Collard, Gourmelin & Schwob, 2013; Veiga, Roig & Gómez-Ruano, 2016; Shimojo, Naraa, Babaa, Ichikawaa, Ikeda & Shimoyama, 2019). Zemūdens daļas posma veikšanai ir veltīti vairāki pētījumi. Tajers & Hejs (1984) paziņoja, ka kopējais zemūdens posmu attālums 100 m peldēšanas distancē ir līdz 33%. Lielākā daļa pētījumu ir par kāju zemūdens viļņveida kustību tehniku un biomehāniku (Литвинов & Фоменко, 2005; Gavilán, Arellano & Sanders, 2006; Arellano, Terrés-Nicoli & Redondo, 2006; Zamparo, Vicentini, Scattolini, Rigamonti & Bonifaci, 2012; Hochstein & Blickhan, 2011, 2014; Atkison, Dickey, Dragunas & Nolte, 2014; Higgs, Pease & Sanders, 2015; Yamakawa et al.,2017; Wadrzyk, Nosiadek, & Staszkiewicz, 2017; Wadrzyk, Staszkiewicz, Zegler & Kryst, 2021). Zemūdens posma veikšanas efektivitāte ir cieši saistīta ar peldētāju spējam ātri ieelpot 2 - 3 litrus gaisa un aizturēt elpu lai viļņveidā kustināt kājas zem ūdens pēc starta lēciena un katra pagrieziena visas zemūdens distances garumā. To nosaka peldētāja speciālā fiziskā sagatavotība, elpošanas sistēmas īpatnības un sportista vecums -(Садовников, 1979; Солопов, 1988; Bulgakova & Makarenko, 1996; Мосунов, 1998; Булгакова, 2001; Григонене & Скирене, 2006; Зуозене, Скирене, Каваляускас, Григонене & Печюнас, 2007; Edwards & Walker, 2009; Диверт & Кривощеков, 2013; Кривощеков, Диверт, Мельников, Водяницкий & Гиренко, 2013; McCabe et al., 2015; Нарскин, Мельников & Врублевский, 2016). Peldētāju elpošanas sistēmas darbības īpatnības ir plaši aprakstītas zinātniskajā literatūrā (Абрамов, 1964; Солопов, 1988; Wakayoshi, D’Acquisto & Cappaert, 1995; Cardelli, Lerda & Chollet, 2000; Wells, Plyley, Thomas, Goodman & Duffin, 2005; Pedersen & Kjendlie, 2006; Wylegala, Pendergast, Gosselin, Warkander & Lundgren, 2006; Kilding, Brown & McConnell, 2010; Диверт & Кривощеков, 2013, 2017; McCabe et al., 2015; do Couto, Franken & de Souza Castro, 2015). Mazāk pētījumu ir par elpošanas sistēmas parametriem, kuriem var būt saistība ar efektīvu zemūdens posma veikšanu (Dybinska, KuciaCzyszczon, Kaca, Staron & Chodinow, 2012; Priya, 2014). Trūkst eksperimentālu pētījumu, kuros būtu dotas atbildes, uz šādiem jautājumiem: kā atšķiras Latvijas peldēšanas čempionātu un Eiropas čempionāta finālistu sacensību darbību parametri? Kādi ir kāju zemūdens viļņveida kustību kinemātiskie un biomehāniskie rādītāji? Kādās atšķirības ir dažādās kvalifikācijas peldētajiem? Kāds ir Latvijas peldētāju elpošanas sistēmas attīstības līmenis? Vai starp sacensību rezultātiem (FINA punkti) un elpošanas sistēmas parametriem pastāv sakarības? Vai junioru vecuma peldētāju fiziskā sagatavotība ir pietiekama, lai efektīvi pārvarētu zemūdens posmus? Kā elpošanas muskulatūras treniņš ietekmē juniora vecuma peldētāju ieelpas muskuļu spēku un sacensību rezultātus? u.c. Īpaši aktuāli šie jautājumi ir mūsdienās, kad Latvijas peldētāju sasniegumi starptautiskajā mērogā nav salīdzinājumi ar kaimiņ valstu rezultātiem. Ņemot vērā šī jautājuma aktuālitāti, promocijas darbā tika veikts pētījums, kura rezultāti, iespējams, palīdzēs Latvijas peldētājiem sasniegt savu labāko rezultātu, uzlabojot elpošanas sistēmas darbību, elpas aiztures spēju un zemūdens posma peldēšanas efektivitāti.
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    Swimmers' shoulder injury prevention by correctly evaluate the technical errors
    (2024) Solovjova, Jeļena; Boobani, Behnam; Glaskova-Kuzmina, Tatjana; Jakubovskis, Germans; Grants, Juris; Žīdens, Jānis; Romero Ramos, Oscar; Litwiniuk, Artur; Rīga Stradiņš University
    Background and Study Aim: Shoulder pain is common in young swimmers. The aim of this study is the knowledge about the occurrence and reasons behind shoulder injuries and muscle imbalances on adolescent Latvian freestyle swimmers. Material and Methods: Thirty-six male competitive freestyle swimmers from 3 age groups (13-18 years old) from different clubs in Riga, Latvia, were selected. A questionnaire, a body posture assessment, and a video analysis were used to collect the data to find out the causes of shoulder injury and muscle imbalance. The data were analysed using the mean, standard deviations, Chi-square test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Post hoc Tukey's tests. Results: The questionnaire showed significant relationships between using small and big paddles and experiencing pain, especially in group two. The body posture analysis for points of external ear opening, acromion, radial point, outer points of the palm, highest point of the Iliac crest, trochanter, and upper end of fibula bone showed significant differences (p<0.05). The body deviation forward, the so-called ‘body falling’ forward, was in groups. The video analysis showed that the streamlined position is not achieved because the body is not in line. Conclusions: The coaches should correctly evaluate the swimmers' technical errors. The present study's findings illustrate the need for a validated shoulder injury prevention program in swimming.