Sapropel-enriched sodium carboxymethyl cellulose gel systems : formulation approaches, stability and bioactive potential

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dc.contributor.authorKļaviņa, Aneka
dc.contributor.authorReste, Jeļena
dc.contributor.authorMārtiņsone, Inese
dc.contributor.authorVanadziņš, Ivars
dc.contributor.authorJuhņeviča, Inna
dc.contributor.authorPavlovska, Ilona
dc.contributor.institutionInstitute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-27T11:35:01Z
dc.date.available2025-01-27T11:35:01Z
dc.date.issued2025-03
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2025 The Author(s)
dc.description.abstractSapropel, a sediment rich in organic matter and bioactive compounds, has significant potential for pharma- ceutical and cosmetic applications. This study aimed to develop a stable, water-soluble hydrogel containing sapropel extract as a delivery platform for these bioactive compounds. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) was used as a gelling agent in eight formulations, with or without sapropel extract, and buffer solutions (NaCl, MgSO4, MgCl2). The gels were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, stability, and thermal resistance over a 2-year period under different storage conditions. All sapropel extract containing formulations exhibited a smooth, homogeneous and light-yellow appearance with good stability and spread ability. The pH levels ranged from 4.7 to 7.4, within the acceptable range for skin application, although formulations with MgCl2 showed greater pH fluctuations. Viscosity analyses revealed that sapropel extract decreased viscosity, particularly under fluctuating temperatures. MgSO4-buffered formulations exhibited the most stable viscosity over time. However, some formulations demonstrated decreased stability and viscosity after prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures and UV light. Centrifugal and thermal tests confirmed the physical stability of the gels, with no phase separation observed. Overall, the study confirms the feasibility of incorporating sapropel extract into stable, water-soluble hydro- gels, making them suitable for potential therapeutic and cosmetic uses.en
dc.description.statusPeer reviewed
dc.format.extent13
dc.format.extent7599196
dc.identifier.citationKļaviņa, A, Reste, J, Mārtiņsone, I, Vanadziņš, I, Juhņeviča, I & Pavlovska, I 2025, 'Sapropel-enriched sodium carboxymethyl cellulose gel systems : formulation approaches, stability and bioactive potential', Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, vol. 9, 100669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100669
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100669
dc.identifier.issn2666-8939
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.rsu.lv/jspui/handle/123456789/17040
dc.identifier.urlhttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85215559271&partnerID=8YFLogxK
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofCarbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectfulvic acid
dc.subjecthumic acid
dc.subjectHydrogels
dc.subjectpharmaceutics
dc.subjectsapropel extract
dc.subjectSodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC)
dc.subject3.4 Medical biotechnology
dc.subject1.1. Scientific article indexed in Web of Science and/or Scopus database
dc.titleSapropel-enriched sodium carboxymethyl cellulose gel systems : formulation approaches, stability and bioactive potentialen
dc.type/dk/atira/pure/researchoutput/researchoutputtypes/contributiontojournal/article

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