Point prevalence and sex-specific associated factors of depression in Latvian general population
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Date
2023-03-28
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Abstract
Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the current prevalence of depression, and analyze sex-specific associated socio-demographic and health-related factors for depression in a representative sample of the general adult population of Latvia. Methods: Specially trained professional interviewers conducted computerassisted face-to-face interviews with a multistage stratified probability sample from the general Latvian adult population (n = 2,687). A 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) was used for assessment of depression. Respondents were interviewed using the specially developed questionnaire about sociodemographic factors as well as the alcohol use disorder module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) for the univariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Results: The point prevalence of depression according to the PHQ-9 was 6.4% (95% CI 5.8–7.6). After adjustment for all independent variables analyzed, being divorced, widowed, or living separately increased the odds of depression [aOR 2.6 (95% CI, 1.2–5.8), p = 0.02] in males. For females, unfinished primary education [aOR 5.2 (95% CI 2.0–13.6), p = 0.001] and economically inactive status [aOR 2.0 (95% CI, 1.1–3.6), p = 0.03] were strongly associated with depression. Limitations: The cross-sectional design of the study did not allow us to draw conclusions about causality. Patients with bipolar, organic, and symptomatic depression states were not excluded. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression in the general adult population is 6.4%, with the most significant sex-specific factors associated with depression for males – being divorced, widowed, or living separately, and for females it was poor education and economic inactivity.
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Funding Information: The data collection was financed by the European Social Fund and Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia in the frame of the “Study on the prevalence of mental disorders and suicidal behavior in the adult population of Latvia” within the project “Integrated measures for health promotion and disease prevention” (Nr.9.2.4.1/16/I/001). The analysis, interpretation of data, language editing procedures, writing of the manuscript, and publication were financed by the European Social Fund and Latvian state budget within the project no. 8.2.2.0/20/I/004 “Support for involving doctoral students in scientific research and studies” at Rīga Stradiņš University. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2023 Vinogradova, Kivite-Urtane, Vrublevska and Rancans.
Keywords
depression, epidemiology, prevalence, general population, sex-specific factors, 3.2 Clinical medicine, 3.3 Health sciences, 1.1. Scientific article indexed in Web of Science and/or Scopus database
Citation
Vinogradova, V V, Ķīvīte-Urtāne, A, Vrubļevska, J & Rancāns, E 2023, 'Point prevalence and sex-specific associated factors of depression in Latvian general population', Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 14, 1065404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1065404