Healthcare Professionals’ Subjective Well-Being : A Systematic Review and Methodological Appraisal of Conceptual Models, Measurement Instruments, and Associated Factors

Abstract

The well-being of healthcare professionals (HCPs) is widely recognised as a critical construct related to workforce sustainability, patient safety, and healthcare system performance; however, research in this area remains conceptually fragmented. This systematic review identifies and critically analyses conceptual models, assessment instruments, and factors associated with HCPs’ subjective well-being. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across six databases covering 2014 to 2024, focusing on quantitative empirical studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals. The review adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria, and the methodological quality of measurement instruments was evaluated with the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist in validation-focused studies. Of the 7838 records initially identified, 48 studies met the inclusion criteria. Three primary thematic areas emerged: (1) conceptual models framing subjective well-being, (2) measurement instruments assessing subjective well-being, and (3) factors associated with subjective well-being among HCPs. Frequently applied conceptual frameworks included the job demands–resources model, Maslach burnout theory, and WHOQOL-related approaches. Commonly used instruments comprised the WHO-5, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Mini-Z. In validation-focused studies assessed using COSMIN criteria, internal consistency and aspects of construct validity were generally reported as acceptable; however, reporting across measurement property domains was variable. Factors examined in relation to subjective well-being included workload, emotional exhaustion, social support, autonomy, and work–life balance. Overall, the reviewed literature demonstrates substantial variability in conceptual and methodological approaches and frequently focuses on single dimensions of well-being. These findings highlight the potential value of developing integrated, sector-specific frameworks to inform future measurement development and research in this field.