Brazīlijas Federatīvās Republikas reģionālās hegemonijas pozīcijas izmaiņas Žaira Bolsonaro prezidentūras laikā
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Date
2022
Authors
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Publisher
Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte
Rīga Stradiņš University
Rīga Stradiņš University
Abstract
Darba tēmā aktualitāte ir iedalāma divās atsevišķās daļās. No globālākas dimensijas
skatoties reģionālas hegemoniskas varas attīstība tieši attiecas uz kopējās starptautiskās
sistēmas funkcionalitāti, spēku sadalījumu tajā un stabilitāti. Brazīlija ir viena no jaunajām
attīstības valstu varām starptautiskajā sistēmā. Otra daļa saistās ar Žaira Bolsonaro (Jair
Bolsonaro) prezidentūras termiņa beigām. 2022. gada oktobrī norisināsies Brazīlijas prezidenta
vēlēšanas. Viņš tika negaidīti ievēlēts prezidenta amatā un radīja plašas šaubas par viņa
kompetenci vadīt valsti. Līdz ar to ir aktuāli apskatīt kā ir izmainījušās Brazīlijas reģionālās
hegemonijas pozīcijas šajā laika posmā.
No šādiem apsvērumiem arī izriet darba tēmas nosaukums “Brazīlijas Federatīvās
Republikas reģionālās hegemonijas pozīcijas izmaiņas Žaira Bolsonaru prezidentūras laikā”.
Īpaši jāuzsver vārds “pozīcija”, jo tas norāda uz Brazīlijas pašas rīcību attiecībā pret citām
valstīm nevis citu valstu redzējumu par Brazīliju. Attiecībā pret darba nosaukumu izvirzīts
mērķis analizēt Brazīlijas Federatīvās Republikas reģionālās hegemonijas pozīcijas izmaiņas
Žaira Bolsonaru prezidentūras laikā ārpolitikas, ekonomikas un militārajā jomā. Lai sasniegtu
mērķi darbā tika izmantota neoreālisma teorija. Secīgi raksturots Brazīlijas reģionālās
hegemonijas pozīcija ārpolitikas, ekonomikas un militārās varas jomās no 2002. gada līdz 2018.
gadam. Pēc tam analizētas izmaiņas šajās pašās jomās Bolsonaro prezidentūras laikā.
Visbeidzot no salīdzinājuma izdarīti secinājumi par Brazīlijas reģionālās hegemonijas pozīcijas
izmaiņām. Darbā pielietota kvalitatīvā pētniecības metode veicot dokumentu analīzi.
Darbā izvirzītā hipotēze, ka Žaira Bolsonaru prezidentūras laikā Brazīlijas Federatīvās
Republikas reģionālā hegemona pozīcijas ir samazinājušās apstiprinājās. Visās trīs jomās ir
trūcis ilgtermiņa stratēģiskais redzējums par to kā noteiktā politika vairos Brazīlijas spējas
starptautiskajā sistēmā. Visveiksmīgāk šajā aspektā veicies ar ekonomiku, kur lai gan
pandēmija ir radījusi recesiju, piekoptā liberālās ekonomikas stratēģija risinājusi sistemātiskās
Brazīlijas ekonomikas problēmas. To var atsevišķi vērtēt kā Brazīlijas ekonomisko spēju
pieaugumu. Vissliktāko iespaidu Bolsonaro prezidentūra atstājusi uz valsts ārpolitikas pieeju.
To varētu raksturot kā haotisku, kas vienlaikus grauj iepriekš sasniegtos panākumus it īpaši
Brazīlijas maigās varas jomā. Pozīciju samazinājuma galvenais cēlonis ir bijusi nepietiekama
mērķtiecība uz reģionālās hegemonijas pozīciju vairošanu. Šāds pētījums sniedz plašāku
priekšstatu par Brazīlijas varas pozīcijām Dienvidamerikas reģionā
The topicality of the work can be divided into two separate parts. From a more global dimension, the development of regional hegemonic power refers directly to the functionality of the entire international system, the division of forces within it, and stability. Brazil is one of the new powers of developing states in the international system. The second part relates to the end of the Jair Bolsonaro presidency. Brazil's presidential election will take place in October 2022. He was unexpectedly elected president and raised widespread doubts about his ability to run the country. It is therefore important to look at how Brazil's regional hegemony positions have changed during this period. Such considerations also follow the title “Changes in the regional hegemony position of the Federal Republic of Brazil under the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro”. The word “position” should be highlighted in particular, as it points to Brazil's behaviour to other countries rather than the image of other countries about Brazil. Concerning the title of work, the aim is to analyse the changes in the regional hegemony position of the Federal Republic of Brazil during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro in the foreign policy, economic and military fields. The theory of neo-realism was used to fulfil the goal of work. Firstly, the position of Brazil's regional hegemony in the fields of foreign policy, economic and military power from 2002 to 2018 has been described. The changes are then analysed in these same fields during the Bolsonaro Presidency. Finally, conclusions have been drawn from the comparison of changes in Brazil's regional hegemony position. A qualitative research method is applied at work with a document analysis. The hypothesis that the regional hegemon positions of the Federal Republic of Brazil have declined during the presidency of Zaira Bolsonaro was confirmed. In all three areas, there has been a lack of a long-term strategic vision of how the policy will enhance Brazil's capabilities in the international system. The most successful in this regard has been the economy, where the pandemic has led to a recession, but the liberal economic strategy pursued has addressed the systemic economic challenges of Brazil. This can be assessed separately as an increase in Brazil's economic capabilities. Bolsonaro's presidency has had the worst effect on the country's foreign policy approach. It could be described as chaotic, which at the same time undermines past successes, particularly in Brazil's soft power. The main cause of the decline in positions has been the lack of ambition to enlarge regional hegemony positions. Such a study can be used as a broader picture of the position of Brazilian power in South America.
The topicality of the work can be divided into two separate parts. From a more global dimension, the development of regional hegemonic power refers directly to the functionality of the entire international system, the division of forces within it, and stability. Brazil is one of the new powers of developing states in the international system. The second part relates to the end of the Jair Bolsonaro presidency. Brazil's presidential election will take place in October 2022. He was unexpectedly elected president and raised widespread doubts about his ability to run the country. It is therefore important to look at how Brazil's regional hegemony positions have changed during this period. Such considerations also follow the title “Changes in the regional hegemony position of the Federal Republic of Brazil under the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro”. The word “position” should be highlighted in particular, as it points to Brazil's behaviour to other countries rather than the image of other countries about Brazil. Concerning the title of work, the aim is to analyse the changes in the regional hegemony position of the Federal Republic of Brazil during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro in the foreign policy, economic and military fields. The theory of neo-realism was used to fulfil the goal of work. Firstly, the position of Brazil's regional hegemony in the fields of foreign policy, economic and military power from 2002 to 2018 has been described. The changes are then analysed in these same fields during the Bolsonaro Presidency. Finally, conclusions have been drawn from the comparison of changes in Brazil's regional hegemony position. A qualitative research method is applied at work with a document analysis. The hypothesis that the regional hegemon positions of the Federal Republic of Brazil have declined during the presidency of Zaira Bolsonaro was confirmed. In all three areas, there has been a lack of a long-term strategic vision of how the policy will enhance Brazil's capabilities in the international system. The most successful in this regard has been the economy, where the pandemic has led to a recession, but the liberal economic strategy pursued has addressed the systemic economic challenges of Brazil. This can be assessed separately as an increase in Brazil's economic capabilities. Bolsonaro's presidency has had the worst effect on the country's foreign policy approach. It could be described as chaotic, which at the same time undermines past successes, particularly in Brazil's soft power. The main cause of the decline in positions has been the lack of ambition to enlarge regional hegemony positions. Such a study can be used as a broader picture of the position of Brazilian power in South America.
Description
Starptautiskās attiecības - Eiropas studijas
International Relations - European Studies
Socioloģija, politoloģija un antropoloģija
Sociology, Politics and Anthropology
International Relations - European Studies
Socioloģija, politoloģija un antropoloģija
Sociology, Politics and Anthropology
Keywords
Reģionālā hegemonija, Brazīlija, starptautiskās attiecības, spēku līdzsvars., Regional hegemony, Brazil, international relations, balance of power.