Purchasing "Nootropics" Online : Identification and Quantification of Ingredients in Phenibut-Containing Products

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dc.contributor.authorUpmanis, Toms
dc.contributor.authorSevostjanovs, Eduards
dc.contributor.authorZvejniece, Liga
dc.contributor.authorKazoka, Helena
dc.contributor.authorKisis, Vadims
dc.contributor.authorPugovics, Osvalds
dc.contributor.authorDambrova, Maija
dc.contributor.institutionDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
dc.date.accessioned2024-11-25T11:15:01Z
dc.date.available2024-11-25T11:15:01Z
dc.date.issued2024-10
dc.descriptionPublisher Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
dc.description.abstractBackground and Objectives: Phenibut is a central nervous system drug that is registered and used in clinical practice as a prescription medication. In recent decades, the drug has become popular as a "nootropic and cognition enhancer" because of its active marketing as a dietary or food supplement sold online. This has resulted in a growing number of case reports on acute toxicity and withdrawal symptoms and has raised concerns about the quality of phenibut-containing products.  Materials and Methods: We used high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the quality of six phenibut-containing samples purchased from three internet suppliers.  Results: Substantially lower levels of the active pharmaceutical ingredient than claimed on the packaging were found for three of the supplements tested. A considerably higher level of phenibut was present in one product. All online-purchased phenibut-containing capsules included declared and undeclared ingredients found in various dietary supplements claiming to have metabolic, neurotropic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.  Conclusions: The online-purchased phenibut products contained undeclared ingredients and the content of phenibut differed from the declared. The combinations of these additional ingredients with phenibut have not been tested for activity or safety and their use warrants further attention to avoid potential health problems.en
dc.description.statusPeer reviewed
dc.format.extent469422
dc.identifier.citationUpmanis, T, Sevostjanovs, E, Zvejniece, L, Kazoka, H, Kisis, V, Pugovics, O & Dambrova, M 2024, 'Purchasing "Nootropics" Online : Identification and Quantification of Ingredients in Phenibut-Containing Products', Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), vol. 60, no. 10, 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101561
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/medicina60101561
dc.identifier.issn1010-660X
dc.identifier.otherPubMedCentral: PMC11509446
dc.identifier.urihttps://dspace.rsu.lv/jspui/handle/123456789/16928
dc.identifier.urlhttps://www-webofscience-com.db.rsu.lv/wos/alldb/full-record/WOS:001342984900001
dc.identifier.urlhttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85207680360&partnerID=8YFLogxK
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectHumans
dc.subjectChromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
dc.subjectDietary Supplements/analysis
dc.subjectNootropic Agents/analysis
dc.subjectInternet
dc.subjectMass Spectrometry/methods
dc.subjectgamma-Aminobutyric Acid/analogs & derivatives
dc.subject3.1 Basic medicine
dc.subject1.1. Scientific article indexed in Web of Science and/or Scopus database
dc.titlePurchasing "Nootropics" Online : Identification and Quantification of Ingredients in Phenibut-Containing Productsen
dc.type/dk/atira/pure/researchoutput/researchoutputtypes/contributiontojournal/article

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