Research outputs from Pure / Zinātniskās darbības rezultāti no ZDIS Pure

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The Application Perspectives of Lake Clay Infused with Natural Active Agents - Essential Oils in Cosmetology and Dermatology
(Rezekne Higher Education Institution, 2024) Tretjakova, Rasma; Misiņa, Samanta Marija; Deksne, Aurelija; Brakovska, Aija; Kodors, Sergejs; Paidere, Jana
The aim of the research is to experimentally test and scientifically substantiate the mixture of lake clay and a natural active agent – essential oil, in perspective of its application in cosmetology and dermatology. Sensory properties of lake clay and mixtures of lake clay with essential oils were tested. The presence and quantity of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and aerobic mesophilic microorganisms in lake clay and lake clay with essential oils mixtures were determined. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), apple mint (Mentha suaveolans), and caraway (Carum carvi) essential oils, which not only improve the cosmetic value of the product but also act as antimicrobial agents and preservatives, showed the best results. They meet the requirements of Latvian Cabinet Regulation No. 354 “Procedure for Meeting the Significant Requirements for Cosmetics” and European Standard EN ISO 17516: 2014, Cosmetics - Microbiology - Microbiological limits.
Assessment of Indoor Radon Gas Concentration in Latvian Households
(2024-05-18) Reste, Jeļena; Rīmere, Nadīna; Romans, Andris; Martinsone, Žanna; Mārtiņsone, Inese; Vanadziņš, Ivars; Pavlovska, Ilona; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health
Exposure to radon gas in households presents serious health risks, including an increased likelihood of lung cancer. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the change in individual habits has led to more time spent in indoor environments with remote activities; thus, the need to raise the awareness of air quality in dwellings and to mitigate the exposure of inhabitants to radon has emerged. This study investigated radon gas concentrations in the air of Latvian dwellings. RadTrack2 passive detectors were deployed in a representative sample of households across 106 municipalities of Latvia (98% of the territory), yielding data from 487 households (973 detectors). The data revealed a median radon concentration of 52 Bq/m3 (Q1 and Q3 were 29 and 93 Bq/m3), with the majority of samples (95.6%) falling below the national reference limit of 200 Bq/m3. The building type and presence of a cellar significantly impacted radon levels, with structures lacking cellars and older buildings exhibiting higher concentrations. Mechanical ventilation proved to be more effective in reducing radon levels, compared to natural ventilation. These findings emphasize the necessity of proactive measures to mitigate indoor radon exposure and to ensure the well-being of occupants. Additionally, the dissemination of research data on radon exposure through open-access scientific publications is vital for raising awareness and implementing effective mitigation strategies.
The Biosphere Self-Organization Attractors drive perfect order homeostasis reactions to link bioenergetic with functionally activate oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules
(ICNTC Secretariat, 2021) Kaksis, Āris; Dasdan, Şakar; Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry
The quantitative studies for oxygen and carbon dioxide functional activity reveal multiply generated Self-Organization Attractors which create and maintain order the homeostasis: water concentration [H2O]=55.3 mol/Liter, pH=7.36, enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase reactivity, air oxygen level 20.95 % O2 [1] , osmolar concentration 0.305 M, ionic strength 0.25 M, temperature 310.15 K degree etc. that make oxygen fire safe and CO2aqua functional active for Life Biochemistry. Air oxygen level 20.95 % O2 [1] dissolute in organism forming arterial concentration [O2aqua] safe for Bioenergetic as Self-Organization Attractor [3] sustaining isooxia. Thermodynamic indicate Biosphere indispensability to reach Self-Organization Attractor values. Destiny is trend to minimum of free energy change in homeostasis. Attractors made functionally active molecules Self-Organize the perfect reactions order in homeostasis. [2,3,4] Deviation from Attractor values disorder the homeostasis. Chaos stop the homeostasis which disappears as extinct from Biosphere.
Bulgarian Mining Industry between Tradition and Innovation
(EDP Sciences, 2020-06-18) Deneva, Aneta; Grasis, Jānis; Rīga Stradiņš University
Extractive activities are traditional for the Bulgarian economy and are part of the economic activity of the population since the establishment of the Bulgarian state. As an autonomous sector of the economy, they are approved after 1878. The initial extractive activities are carried out with the direct participation of foreign capital, mainly French, German and Belgian. The extraction of raw materials has always been among the priority economic areas. Not surprisingly with the first economic laws adopted by the Bulgarian Government is supported its development. A typical example in this respect is the law on the promotion of the local industry since 1909. Among the promotion activities are mining, metal industry, as well as the quarry and that for the processing of soil materials. The mining industry is an indispensable part of the structure of the Bulgarian economy, regardless of its transformations.
Challenges of textile industry in the framework of Circular Economy : Case from Latvia
(EDP Sciences, 2021-05-03) Atstja, Dzintra; Cudečka-Puriņa, Natlija; Vesere, Rudīte; Abele, Lilita; Spivakovskyy, Sergiy
The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted such challenges for the world's socio-economic and financial systems Social entrepreneurship is an integral part of Europe's diverse social market economy. The aim of the paper is to tackle the social entrepreneurship field in Latvia and in particular to reveal the enterprises operating in the textile industry, as fashion industry in general is evaluated as second polluting industry, being just behind oil industry. The paper is limited to social entrepreneurship in the field of textile, as it is a new waste stream that has received particular goals and thus needs to be managed in a more sustainable way. To promote social enterprises in the field of textile production and processing it is especially important to implement elements of the circular economy in the daily activities of a social enterprise. Fostering social entrepreneurship in the textile field allows to reach a range of goals simultaneously, including, but not limited to-decrease of textile waste volume, increase of upcycling and moving towards circular economy targets.
Changes in Bacterial Community Structure in Wastewaters in the presence of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Benzalkonium Chloride
(2022-03-10) Žorža, L.; Kalniņš, M.; Gudrā, D.; Megnis, K.; Fridmanis, D.; Rapoport, A.; Muter, O.
The benefit of bioaugmentation of activated sludge (AS) with yeasts was tested using AS and wastewaters (WW) that originated from the chemical industry, as well as synthetic WW. A stimulating effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on microbial respiration intensity in AS was shown. The added yeast biomass maintained viability in AS, an inhibitory effect of BAC on Bacilli was found; however, the addition of yeasts to AS reduced this effect.
A comparative analysis of the social performance of global and local berry supply chains
(2016-06-07) Grivins, Mikelis; Tisenkopfs, Talis; Stojanovic, Zaklina; Ristic, Bojan
The goal of this paper is twofold: to comparatively analyze the social performance of global and local berry supply chains and to explore the ways in which the social dimension is embedded in the overall performance of food supply chains. To achieve this goal, the social performance of five global and local food supply chains in two countries are analyzed: wild blueberry supply chains in Latvia and cultivated raspberry supply chains in Serbia. The study addresses two research questions: (1) What is the social performance of the local and global supply chains? (2) How can references to context help improve understanding of the social dimension and social performance of food supply chains? To answer these questions, two interlinked thematic sets of indicators (attributes) are used-one describing labor relations and the other describing power relations. These lists are then contextualized by examining the micro-stories of the actors involved in these supply chains. An analysis of the chosen attributes reveals that global chains perform better than local chains. However, a context-sensitive analysis from the perspective of embedded markets and communities suggests that the social performance of food chains is highly context-dependent, relational, and affected by actors' abilities to negotiate values, norms, and the rules embedded within these chains, both global and local. The results illustrate that the empowerment of the chains' weakest actors can lead to a redefining of the meanings that performance assessments rely on.
Comparison of biological markers in aerosol-weighed workplaces
(2019-07-01) Pavlovska, Ilona; Martinsone, Žanna; Ramata-Stunda, Anna; Vanadziņš, Ivars; Mārtiņsone, Inese; Seile, Anita; Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health
Airborne particulates present a potential hazard to health in a variety of indoor workplaces, from offices to the manufacturing floor. Dust and aerosols are two of the most common occupational risk factors in the workplace worldwide. It is very important to understand when it is sufficient to describe dust exposure only by given mass concentration that dust particles could be in the nanosized range in the workplace air even for brief exposures, such as welding aerosols. The main objective was to assess total dust and nanoparticle concentrations in the selected workplaces and to evaluate their impact on workers’ health. This project describes nanoparticle concentrations and their potential impact on workers’ health considering the exposure levels in three workplaces. Industrial and non-industrial environments have been included in the project. The office environment was used as an indicator for the background level of comparison with the metalworking and woodworking industries for measurements of dust particles including the nanoscale particles (> 100 nm). Fraction size of the samples according to a dispersity of > 10 μm, 0.25–10 μm, < 0.25 μm, and 1–100 nm was analysed in order to describe the particles’ chemical composition at the different stages. The worst working conditions (the smallest particles, 12 nm), the highest total dust concentrations, and the lowest difference between total inhalable particle and nanoparticle concentrations were detected among woodworkers. These findings provide a basis on how to evaluate nanoparticle exposure and its impact on workers’ health because the highest immune cell counts and relatively high IL-6 expression were observed among woodworkers compared with the other groups. The data show a negative tendency of nanoparticle exposure concentrations on workers’ health based on the increase of inflammatory processes and damage to airway epithelial cell functionality.
A Comprehensive Review on Construction and Demolition Waste Management Practices and Assessment of This Waste Flow for Future Valorization via Energy Recovery and Industrial Symbiosis
(2024-10) Cudecka-Purina, Natalija; Kuzmina, Jekaterina; Butkevics, Janis; Olena, Arsirii; Ivanov, Oleksii; Atstāja, Dzintra; Faculty of Social Sciences
Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is one of the largest contributors to global waste streams, simultaneously posing significant environmental and resource management challenges. The management of CDW, particularly its potential for energy recovery and industrial symbiosis, has garnered increasing attention as part of a circular economy approach. This comprehensive review explores global practices in CDW management, analysing theoretical developments, technological advancements, and emerging resource recovery and reuse trends. Background: CDW accounts for more than a third of all waste generated in the EU. A wide variety of materials, such as concrete, bricks, wood, glass, metals, and plastics, make it a very un-homogenous waste stream with high potential for material recovery through different approaches. Methods: This review draws on an extensive analysis of scientific literature, case studies, and industry reports to assess current practices in the CDW stream and assessment of the feasibility of energy recovery, industrial symbiosis, and object reconstruction. Results: The originality of the current research is based on a Latvian case study on CDW management that provides valuable insights into household-level practices and progress towards relevant UN SDGs. Conclusions: Various CDW streams have an undeniable potential for valorization through various approaches. Currently, the most common approach is recovery and recycling, although CDW has the potential to broaden its application within the circular economy framework. For instance, industrial symbiosis is a solution that can not only boost the valorization of CDW but also significantly increase material circularity.
Construction waste recycling in the circular economy model
(2023) Mikhno, I.; Ihnatenko, N.; Cherniaiev, O.; Vynogradnya, V.; Atstaja, D.; Koval, V.
The disposal of construction waste, the amount of which is constantly growing due to hostilities in Ukraine and outdated housing stock that has lost its consumer properties is an acute problem. The study proposes adopting the circular economy and the principles of improving the security and environmental situation in Ukraine to restore the country's potential. The article analyzes the main stages and processes of construction waste disposal, taking into account their fractional recycling and reuse in the reconstruction of settlements, which is based on the rational use of resources and innovations and will reduce the cost of restoring destroyed settlement areas. Efficient construction is possible only if environmental and economic indicators are improved, the level of safety and manufacturability are improved. A methodology for assessing the effectiveness of future construction has been developed and recommendations for its improvement have been given.
The Damage Caused to the Environment in the Context of the Sustainable Development of Society
(2019) Kudeikina, Inga; Kaija, Sandra; Rīga Stradiņš University
The opportunity to use the tangible resources of our planet – water, air, subterranean depths – secure the existence of our civilization. Despite the existence of private property and the division of ownership of tangible resources between natural and legal persons, the resources required for life are objectively determined by the very life form. Any living creature needs air, water and subterranean depths. They are the common value of the mankind. The right to live in a favourable environment is recognized as the basic right of each individual, of each member of the public. A significant aspect is the high quality environment, which includes specific standards and requirements for the quality of air, water and subterranean depths. This is necessary in order to ensure the legal protection of the environment, balancing the rights of private owners and society as a whole. The protection of the environment is the subject matter of the legal framework. The key challenge for the protection of the environment is to find an opportunity to balance the economic development and the sustainable development of the environment, which is why the greatest attention should be allocated to the questions that relate to the prevention and compensation for the damage caused to the environment
Development of the green entrepreneurial mindset through modern entrepreneurship education
(2021-01-22) Uvarova, Inga; Mavlutova, Inese; Atstaja, Dzintra
Entrepreneurship education programmes are slowly adapting to the circularity and sustainability movement. Business education lacks experiences in introducing sustainability and environmentally-friendly business topics into entrepreneurship study programmes. This article aims to research the inclusion of environmental and sustainability issues in the entrepreneurship education programmes in order to promote a green entrepreneurial mindset among students and acquire green business activities. The COVID-19 crisis has thrown a harsh spotlight on a range of sustainable development challenges, and the choices the community makes now in its path to recovery will shape the trajectory of sustainable development for years to come. Also, usage of digital technologies will become crucial in this green transition. The empirical research was based on the evaluation of a survey of 657 undergraduate students from the business administration sphere. The research results are of practical, social and scientific significance by exploring the green movement and its impacts on the entrepreneurship education curricula and their effects in developing a green entrepreneurial mindset of students.
Does Car Sharing Contribute to Urban Sustainability from User-Motivation Perspectives?
(2021-10-01) Mavlutova, Inese; Kuzmina, Jekaterina; Uvarova, Inga; Atstāja, Dzintra; Lesinskis, Kristaps; Mikelsone, Elina; Brizga, Janis
Mobility, its current state and development perspectives in the future creates challenges with respect to sustainability, the first of which is the uncontrolled increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the last few decades, while road transport is one of the “sinners” creating long-term negative impact. The second is the dominance of car travel and car usage in the passenger transportation segment before the latest COVID-19 pandemic accelerated environmental problems. Although recent trends show new, greener patterns in consumption, there is still a relatively low share of consumers acknowledging the importance of sustainable and green preferences. This research study aims to investigate car sharing from users’ perspectives and to determine the most significant factors influencing their choice of sharing services to ensure upscaling of car sharing and, thus, contribute to urban sustainability. This research study contributes to the overall scientific discussion on car sharing and its role within urban sustainability, particularly with the following: (1) deeper investigation of car sharing and its users motivation perspectives in Latvia; (2) analyses of the most significant motivational factors for car-sharing users and aspects of sustainability; and (3) the insight into the generational differences triggering a number of car-sharing users. The existing and potential users of car sharing were surveyed in order to determine the motivational factors for its usage and attitudes towards it. Socio-demographic variables in statistical analysis were used to identify economic and environmental factors that meaningfully influence the choice of car-sharing services. The results of this study can support further development in new car-sharing business models and the value proposition for consumers in Latvia, as well as preparing policy recommendations on the promotion of sustainable transport. These findings are also useful to academics for the investigation of recent trends in car sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The drivers of change for the contribution of small farms to regional food security in Europe
(2020-09) Arnalte-Mur, L.; Ortiz-Miranda, D.; Cerrada-Serra, P.; Martinez-Gómez, V.; Moreno-Pérez, O.; Barbu, R.; Bjorkhaug, H.; Czekaj, M.; Duckett, D.; Galli, F.; Goussios, G.; Grivins, M.; Hernández, P. A.; Prosperi, P.; Šūmane, S.
The capacity of the food system to respond to the economic, demographic and environmental challenges ahead has become a topic of increasing interest, with particular attention to the roles and responsibilities of the different actors to ensure more sustainable food systems that can guarantee food and nutrition security for all. In this paper we approach the need to better understand the factors that can condition the potential contribution of small farms to regional food and nutrition security in Europe, acknowledging the role that small farms play in Europe at present. The analysis is based on a survey to 94 experts from 17 regions (NUTS3 level) in 11 different European countries, which identified the drivers of change according to the regional experts. These drivers were then categorized and their relative relevance assessed. The results indicate that some relevant drivers in the European context are linked to the capacity to adopt technologies and practices allowing adaptation to climate change, and the capacity to connect to food markets, with emphasis in the need for cooperation and collective action. The weight of other more European-specific drivers such as ‘consumer values and habits’ reveal that the future role of small farms will be very dependent on a societal change, with equity becoming a relevant component of consumers’ choice.
Economic Analytical Methods for Work-related MSD Cost Prediction
(2015) Kalkis, Henrijs; Rīga Stradiņš University
Today's changing work environment focuses on work organization and new forms of cooperation (outsourcing, decentralization of resources, introduction of new technologies, etc.) [1,2]. Organizations sustainable development is linked to the business success in the long-term run. It can be achieved with the help of organization‘s social and technical development, healthy work environment and competitive workers. Musculo-skeletal disorders (MSD), including lower back pain, arm and neck muscle or tendon sprains and joint diseases have a significant impact on employees’ workability not only at the individual level but also at national perspective [3,4]. MSD affects efficiency, productivity and overall quality in every organization and labor market [5]. The aim of research is to discover most appropriate economic analytical methods for work-related MSD cost prediction in Latvian enterprises. This research focuses on the analysis of literature of various economic analytical methods for work-related MSD cost prediction at the organisations. Experts in ergonomics field suggests dividing ergonomic intervention costs to avoid MSD into four main categories [6]: Staff, equipment and material, reduced production and sales volume, overhead costs. World literature analysis shows that by increasing ergonomics preventive and assessment costs, considerably decreases costs of human and technology errors in the processes. Hence, it is possibility to gain additional profit that could be diverted for further preventive actions in order to continuously minimize MSD [6–8]. The combination and modification of economic analysis methods of economic loss mathematical calculations [9,10] and Washington State Ergonomics Cost Benefit Calculator is suitable for work-related MSD cost prediction and ergonomics solution cost and benefit analysis in European enterprises.
Effects of a 12-week recreational skiing program on cardio-pulmonary fitness in the elderly : Results from the salzburg skiing in the elderly study (sases)
(2021-11-01) Niederseer, David; Walser, Roman; Schmied, Christian; Dela, Flemming; Gräni, Christoph; Bohm, Philipp; Müller, Erich; Niebauer, Josef
Objectives: To investigate whether recreational alpine skiing in the elderly can improve cardio-pulmonary fitness. Design: Randomized controlled study with pre–post repeated measurements. Methods: A total of 48 elderly participants (60–76 years) were randomly assigned to either participate in a 12-week guided recreational skiing program (intervention group, IG, average of 28.5 ± 2.6 skiing days) or to continue a sedentary ski-free lifestyle (control group, CG). Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and pulmonary function testing were performed in both groups before (PRE) and after (POST) the intervention/control period to compare parameters PRE vs. POST CPET. Results: At baseline, IG and CG did not differ significantly with respect to CPET and pulmonary function parameters. At POST, several measures of maximal exercise capacity and breathing economy were significantly improved in IG as compared to CG: maximal oxygen capacity (IG: 33.8 ± 7.9; CG: 28.7 ± 5.9 mL/min/kg; p = 0.030), maximal carbon dioxide production (IG: 36.2 ± 7.7; CG: 31.8 ± 6.5 mL/min/kg; p = 0.05), maximal oxygen pulse (IG: 16.8 ± 4.2; CG: 13.2 ± 4 mL/heart beat; p = 0.010), maximal minute ventilation (IG: 96.8 ± 17.8; CG: 81.3 ± 21.9 l/min; p = 0.025), and maximal metabolic equivalent of task (METs, IG: 9.65 ± 2.26; CG: 8.19 ± 1.68 METs; p = 0.029). Except for oxygen pulse, these significant changes could also be observed at the anaerobic threshold. Maximal heart rate and pulmonary function parameters remained essentially unchanged. Conclusion: Regular recreational skiing improves cardio-pulmonary fitness along with breathing economy and thus can contribute to a heart-healthy lifestyle for the elderly.
Fine-grained quartz from cryoconite holes of the Russell Glacier, southwest Greenland – a scanning electron microscopy study
(2017-12) Nartiša, Edyta Kalinska; Lamsters, Kristaps; Karušs, Jānis; Krievāns, Māris; Rečs, Agnis; Meija, Raimonds
The western ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet is darker than the surrounding ice, because a higher amount of fine-grained particles, known as a cryoconite, occur. To date, biotic cryoconite components have gained a lot of attention, in contrast with mineral components, which have been studied to a limited extent. In this study, fine-grained quartz grains from the cryoconite holes of the Russell Glacier, southwest Greenland are, therefore, examined. Authors use scanning electron microscope to elucidate shape, surface character and origin of these mineral quartz particles. Triangular-faceted, sharp-edged grains dominate in most of the investigated samples, and originate from local sources, where grain-to-grain contact in the ice prevail. Grains with smooth corners and edges result from chemical weathering in meltwater of alkaline pH, in which quartz solubility significantly increases. However, part of these rounded grains is due to mechanical abrasion by wind action. Postsedimentary frost action is visible through grains entirely or partially covered by scaly-grained encrustation. Local processes and sources are largely responsible for aforementioned grain outlines. However, few grains with bulbous silica precipitation argue for a dry and warm climate, and distant, out-of-Greenland origin.
Global, Not Yet Local: Media Coverage of Climate Change and Environment Related Challenges in Latvia
(2022-01-30) Kleinberga, Vineta; Rīga Stradiņš University
Media are essential actors in transmitting, contesting and embedding the attitudes towards climate change, yet media performance in post-communist countries has been relatively little researched. Informed by conceptual frameworks of strategic narratives, agenda-setting and framing, this paper investigates the media coverage of climate change and environment related issues in Latvia. The paper demonstrates the representation of climate change and environment related issues in Latvian and Russian-speaking traditional and online media, using quantitative data analysis of 3753 media articles, video and audio broadcasts from August 2020 till January 2021, as well as qualitative content analysis of seven peaks. The findings reveal a significant amount of climate change and environment related articles and broadcasts in Latvian media. News agencies and public broadcasters are the most important media segments in terms of publishing, whereas online media are prior in terms of the audiences reached. International efforts emerge as a dominant theme in the media coverage, while climate change per se receives a minor journalist attention. Both observations confirm a low level of climate change domestication in the Latvian media. Media reliance on political and government information sources and prepackaged material suggests a high potential for official political narratives to spread, yet the persuasive power of strategic narratives remains blurred as the perception side is highly underreported.
Green Financial Instruments of Cleaner Production Technologies
(2022-09) Koval, Viktor; Laktionova, Olga; Atstāja, Dzintra; Grasis, Janis; Lomachynska, Iryna; Shchur, Roman; Juridiskā fakultāte; Tiesību zinātņu katedra
Despite the rather long period of solving environmental issues and research, the problems of attracting green financial instruments as sources of financing and stimulating the development and implementation of clean technologies have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of the study is to: conduct a theoretical analysis of the available data; identify trends and study green financial instruments and propose their classification; formulate hypotheses for the development of green financial instruments; and apply empirical methods of analysis to identify the dynamics of the development of environmental taxation in the EU budget. A theoretical analysis of available sources identified existing green financial instruments, which were classified as: (a) aimed at improving existing technologies for the production of goods and services through the development of greening and eco-modernization projects that contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; (b) aimed at the development and implementation of innovative projects that change the technology for the production of goods and services, completely eliminating the emission of greenhouse gases. The hypotheses put forward for the study of the management of green financial instruments through the use of financial management mechanisms are formulated through theoretical analysis based on the environmental taxation of production technologies.
A holistic approach to manage environmental quality by using the Kano model and social cognitive theory
(2020-03-01) Dace, Elina; Stibe, Agnis; Timma, Lelde; Research Department
Since its first proposition in 1984, the Kano model has been used extensively in a variety of contexts within industries and academic research demonstrating its wide applicability. The Kano model allows for describing the relationship between an objective aspect and a subjective aspect. Yet is this relevant for environmental quality as well? In this study, we explore the cases where the Kano model is used for assessing environmental quality and its perception by consumers and identify the potential influencing factors for its application with this respect. We find that the Kano model can serve as an effective tool for converging towards environmental quality and sustainability by indicating the direction from a social and behavioral choice perspective. We propose an integration of the Kano model with Bandura's triangle (a concept of the social cognitive theory) to create an instrument for driving change of customer attitude and behavior via changing the perception of environmental quality.

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