Research outputs from Pure / Zinātniskās darbības rezultāti no ZDIS Pure

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ACADEMIC SOCIALIZING IN THE DIGITAL STUDY ENVIRONMENT – A NEW REALITY
(2023-10-19) Karulis, Miervaldis; Valodu centrs
The recent pandemic has boosted the adoption of the digital study environment (DSE) in universities around the world to reduce physical contact. Theories and models have tried to find the factors on which e-learning would depend. Perceived usefulness – a multidimensional higher-order construct – is the determinant of continuance intentions to use DSE. An independent factor is social presence, which ensures the academic socialization. DSE requires a new function of habitus that facilitates socialization. The objective of the study was to find out hindering conditions for socialization in the university where DSE continues to develop. The study was carried out in the spring of 2022. It involved 117 first year psychology students. Five groups were formed and a discussion in each group was held on socialization in DSE conditions. The author took notes on relevant points, the data were subjected to a thematic analysis using NVivo 12. A prerequisite for the socializing function of habitus is the continuity of the social space that facilitates the dispositions to appropriately communicate in the academic setting. The analysis of the obtained data revealed the following problematic areas of socialization in relation to DSE: diminishing the socializing role of the teaching staff, lack of personal contacts and spontaneous interactions, weakening of the social bond, parasocial relationships, feelings of loneliness and exclusion, decreasing social flexibility. The mentioned distractions can lead to a decrease in satisfaction with studies in general and, in particular, to a reluctance of continuance intentions to use DSE. Despite advanced technological and pedagogical affordances, the academic socialization is slightly behind in this context. Although disparity in previous socializing experience plays a crucial role for each student, discontinuity in social space can be overcome if a new function of habitus is promoted. The internalization of social behavior can be influenced mediated by DSE.
ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS: : A STRUCTURED LITERATURE REVIEW
(2023) Bebere, Sabīne; Vrubļevska, Jeļena; Department of Psychiatry and Narcology
Adverse childhood experiences include psychological, physical, and sexual forms of abuse, as well as dysfunction in the home, including substance abuse among family members, and mental health problems in the family. These experiences are among the most intense and frequent sources of stress that children can experience early in life, and they also increase their risk of various behavioural disorders and substance abuse. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and potential impact of childhood adverse experiences in connection to alcohol and other psychoactive substance abuse and addiction. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted, and an electronic search of the PubMed database was performed. The review process initially identified 653 articles, of which 11 were included in the review. Results: Smokers and alcohol users are more likely to report an adverse childhood experience compared to people who do not report harmful habits. Parental divorce was one of the most common negative experiences that affected 17-59.5% of the respondents. The results of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Survey are a potentially significant predictor of risky behaviour.
The affective fields of working-class among 'Eastern European' migrants in the UK
(2023) Lulle, Aija
Eastern European migrants’ affective relationship with the idea of working class remains poorly understood. This article demonstrates how neoliberal ideology – which shaped postsocialist change – produces certain affective class processes among Central and Eastern European migrants. Migrants often do not share class ramifications in Latvia or the UK but divert their felt class towards the notion of a better life. The article challenges the ‘East’ and ‘West’ dichotomy found in much contemporary class analysis by examining specific spatiotemporal relations, transformations and subjectivities. The qualitative data derive from my long-term (2010–2018) engagement with Latvian migrants in the UK. I offer nuanced insights into labour migrants’ affective class subjectivities at the bodily scale, spatial scale and temporal scale. This framework helps us understand how class subjectivities shape individuals and societies in Eastern Europe and beyond.
Analysis of training volume and methodology for high class canoe sprint athlete (in 200m distance)
(2022) Gulbe, Antra; Veispals, Mārtiņš; Latvian Academy of Sport Education (LASE)
Historically in canoe sprint as predominant abilities have been considered endurance and strength. As the sport develops, the oftenchanging competition programme in Olympic games and international championships with short and high-speed distances added, speed and power become also very important. The aim of this study is to give a detailed description about the training loads and volume and, in addition, to discuss the training methodology (strength training impact in total training amount) for high – class canoe sprint athlete (preparing and racing in the 200m distance). The research person is a medallist and participant of European and World championships. To study the research subject, the document analysis in form of training diary was used. The analysis was divided in three full training year cycles in one-year periods (macrocycles) from September to the following years September. In total 1119 workouts were analysed. In addition, the athletic and sport’s specific training forms were distinguished. The athletic strength training was defined as: athletic strength ≥ 80% one repetition maximum (≥ 80% 1RM); athletic strength 60- 70% 1RM; athletic strength speed oriented 60 – 70% 1RM; general physical fitness (GPF); statodynamic strength training. The specific strength was defined as: paddling with resistance; paddling with the additional weight in the boat; paddling from boat’s standing position; continuous paddling in sports zone II (heart rate of 125 – 140beats/min) with certain maximum strength manifestation in strokes. The total training volume in megacycle of the high-class canoe sprint athlete was 1211h, where the largest part (815.9h) consisted of athletic strength and sport’s specific strength. Research showed a total part of 54% (which corresponded to 235.9h) of strength expression training forms from the total training volume.
Ārstniecības personas tiesības paust savu reliģisko pārliecību darba tiesiskajās attiecībās
(2021) Šāberte, Laura; Tarasova, Dace; Palkova, Karina; Juridiskā fakultāte
The rights of medical practitioners are broadly defined in both national and international legislation. The scope of the rights of medical practitioners is evolving along with the development of certain sub-sectors of the field of law. One of the topical issues in the context of the exercise of the rights of medical practitioners is the right of medical practitioners to express their religious beliefs from the Labor law perspective. The right of medical practitioners to freedom of religion is to be seen as part of human rights as well. Member States that have acceded to human rights instruments that protect the right to freedom of religion do not have the right to intervene and take coercive measures to change these views. The right to freedom of religion at the level of human rights applies to a medical practitioner as an individual living in a democratic society and as a person with a medical education who is engaged in medical treatment or prevention, diagnosis and treatment, medical rehabilitation and patient care has rights and obligations within the framework of the activity. The aim of the article is to study the right of medical practitioners to express their religious beliefs in employment relations, as well as to identify problematic issues researching the case law of the CJEU and the ECtHR.
Atkarības jēdziena interpretācija krimināltiesībās
(2016) Baumanis, Jānis; Tiesību zinātņu katedra
Rakstā pievērsta uzmanība Krimināllikumā izmantotajam jēdzienam “atkarība”. Autors sniedz šī jēdziena interpretāciju, skaidrojot normas ar gramatisko, sistēmisko, vēsturisko un teleoloģisko metodi, un secina, ka krimināltiesībās jēdziens “atkarība” galvenokārt izmantots, lai apzīmētu līdzatkarību, proti, atkarību no cita cilvēka vai atkarību no dažādām vielām. Analizējot atkarību kā psiholoģisko kategoriju un atkarību kā krimināltiesisko kategoriju, autors secina, ka krimināltiesībās, nepārbaudot faktiskās atkarības esamību, ir pietiekami konstatēt, ka tiesību normā ir atzīta atkarības esamība.The paper focuses on the concept of “dependency” (addiction) used in the Criminal Law. The author provides the interpretation of dependency (addiction) rendering the norms using grammatical, systemic, historical and teleological methods. The author concludes that in Criminal Law the concept of dependency (addiction) is basically used in order to denote interdependency, namely, the dependency on the other person and also in order to denote the dependency (addiction) on different substances. Although by interpreting some of the Criminal Law norms it can be concluded that the dependency range includes also behavioural dependencies, for instance, gambling dependency; however, in the Criminal Law theory and practice behavioural dependencies are actually not highlighted and they are not addressed. Analysing dependency as a psychological category and dependency as a category of the criminal law, the author draws the conclusion that in Criminal Law for the existence of dependency it is sufficient to ascertain that existence of dependency is recognised by the legal norm, without verifying the existence of the actual dependency.
Attitude of Sport Students and Educators in Latvia towards Christianity and Christian Sport Ministry
(2012) Tālberga, Gunita; Fernāte, Andra; Latvian Academy of Sport Education (LASE)
The study was carried out as a part of the research “Strategy for Starting the Movement Athletes in Action in Latvia”. Athletes in Action is a Christian sport movement supporting the idea that by having a complete understanding of a person as three part whole (physical, mental, spiritual) we can accomplish the ultimate potential in every area of life, including sport. Strategic management comprises that an environmental analysis and external factors play an important role in strategic planning. Therefore the main aim of our study was to find the attitude of sport students and educators in Latvia towards Christianity and Christian Sport Ministry. The sample consisted of 114 respondents, including students (41 male, 59 female) and educators (5 male, 9 female) of the Latvian Academy of Sport Education (LASE). Surveys were used to collect information and the gained data were statistically processed (SPSS 18). Answers showed that there is a lack of knowledge about Biblical truth of Christianity among sport students and educators. There is an interest about Christian Sport Ministry and in general there is no statistically significant difference between the opinions of Christians and non-Christians. According to the results of self-assessment of respondents there is a deficiency of spiritual growth in the model of harmonious personality among sport students and educators in Latvia. Taking in consideration the importance of a holistic approach to accomplish the ultimate human potential, we have come to the conclusion that it is needed to continue deeper practical studies about sport and Christianity as they are fairly limited at the present moment.
Bērna pārstāvības nodrošināšana Latvijas Republikā un izceļojot : problēmjautājumi
(2019) Kudeikina, Inga; Vanaga, Sanita; Juridiskā fakultāte
Rakstā aplūkoti bērna pārstāvības problēmjautājumi. Tā kā bērnam trūkst rīcībspējas, vienmēr ir nepieciešama persona, kas var bērnu pārstāvēt – vecāks, aizbildnis vai pilnvarotā persona. Sava bērna dabiskie aizbildņi, kuri bērnu pārstāv bez īpaša pilnvarojuma, ir bērna vecāki. Mūsdienās bieži ir gadījumi, kad zināmu laiku bērns neatrodas kopā ar vecākiem (tā iemesli var būt vecāku vai bērna ceļojums, vecāku komandējums u. c.), tādēļ vecāki faktiski nevar realizēt savus pienākumus – bērna pārstāvēšanā. Rakstā īpaša vērība veltīta kārtības, kādā bērns šķērso Latvijas Republikas robežu, analīzei, uzmanību pievēršot bērna pārstāvības aspektiem un prettiesiskas bērna izvešanas no valsts novēršanai robežas šķērsošanas procedūru kontekstā. Veicot tiesiskā regulējuma analīzi, tika konstatēts, ka atsevišķos gadījumos bērnam netiek nodrošināta pārstāvība. Tas ir iespējams gan gadījumā, kad bērna vecāki bez atbilstoša pilnvarojuma bērnu Latvijā ir nodevuši citas personas ikdienas aprūpē, gan gadījumos, kad bērns šķērso valsts robežu viens vai pilnvarotas personas pavadībā, bet pilnvarā nav piešķirtas tiesības bērnu pārstāvēt. Šādā situācijā tiek pārkāptas bērna tiesības un tiek radīta labvēlīga augsne prettiesiskai bērna izvešanai no valsts, ļaunprātīgi izmantojot tiesiskā regulējuma nepilnības. Pētījuma mērķis ir identificēt problēmjautājumus un sniegt priekšlikumus tiesiskā regulējuma pilnveidošanai bērna pārstāvības jautājumos, lai novērstu iespēju bērnus prettiesiski izvest no valsts. Raksts veidots divās daļās. Pirmajā daļā aplūkoti bērna pārstāvības jautājumi, savukārt otrajā daļā analizēta prettiesiskas bērna izvešanas problemātika bērna pārstāvības nepienācīgas nodrošināšanas dēļ. The article analyses the issues of child representation. The article has two parts. Special attention is paid to cases when a child leaves Latvia. Analysis of the legal framework indicates that in some cases a child is not represented. This happens when a child is not with a parent and the parent has not authorised another person to represent the child. The law allows for such a situation. However, such situation violates the rights of a child. It has been determined that the procedure for a child leaving Latvia is incomplete. It does not ensure that the child can be so illegally removed. Stronger regulation is needed. There must always be someone authorised to represent a child.
Ceļa servitūtu problemātika un pagaidu regulējuma ieviešanas perspektīvas ceļa servitūtu nodibināšanas lietās tiesā
(2018) Dinsberga, Jolanta; Juridiskā fakultāte
Jaunā tiesību zinātniece Jolanta Dinsberga savā rakstā skata ar ceļa servitūtiem saistīto problemātiku un pagaidu regulējuma ieviešanas perspektīvas ceļa servitūtu nodibināšanas lietās tiesā. Rakstā atspoguļotas vēstures gaitā izveidojušās problēmas saistībā ar piekļuves nodrošināšanu nekustamajiem īpašumiem un analizēti likumdevēja centieni, pilnveidojot normatīvos aktus piekļuves nodrošināšanas jomā. Rakstā tiek pievērsta uzmanība problēmām, kas saistītas ar ceļa servitūtu nodibināšanu tiesas ceļā. Kā viens no problēmu risinājumiem ir autores piedāvājums ieviest pagaidu regulējumu, lemjot jautājumu par ceļa servitūta nodibināšanu. In her article, the young law scientist Jolanta Dinsberga addresses the problems with road servitude and the introduction of temporary regulations perspectives on road servitude in court cases. The article has depicted the historically developed problems with providing access to real estate, and it analyses the attempts of lawmakers to improve regulatory enactments in the area of access provision. One of the potential solutions provided by the author is introduction of temporary regulations on deciding on the establishment of road servitude.
Changes in EMG and H-reflex characteristics of knee flexor muscles for athletes under the influence of central neural regulation
(2021-03) Varpa, Normunds; Paeglītis, Alvis; Galeja, Zinta; Paasuke, Mati; Ereline, Jaan; Gapeyeva, Helena; Kums, Tatjana; Latvian Academy of Sport Education (LASE)
Applied kinesiology (AK) diagnostic test is a manual muscle testing and technique widely used within the Integrative Medical community by sports doctors and sports physiotherapists. Empirically defined functionally weak muscles are the cause of a particular dysfunction of the organism, but it is not clear if there are physiological findings. Objective: Does a functionally altered state of central neural regulation (CNR) affect H-reflex and EMG characteristics? Material and methods: 34 (16 H-reflex measurements and 18 EMG measurements) healthy LASE students, 21± 0.3 years old, average height - 174 ± 2 cm and the average weight – 63±2 kg, was performed EMG and H-reflex measurements in normal and altered CNR functional states was done on the muscles of the gastrocnemius (GM) and biceps femoris (BF). Results: statistically significant changes (p<.05; .01) are observed in EMG and H-reflex characteristics in normal and altered CNR functional states. Conclusion: there are tendencies that a qualitatively assessed CNR condition can be assessed by quantitative measurements. The groups have a small number of participants, so research in this field should be continued.
Changes in the performance indicators of basketball players in improving mental toughness and self-efficacy
(2022) Astafičevs, Aleksandrs; Vazne, Žermēna; Fernāte, Andra; Grants, Yanis; Latvian Academy of Sport Education (LASE)
The mental toughness and self-efficacy of athletes are some of the most important factors that directly influence and predict an athlete’s performance. The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of improving basketball players’ mental toughness and self-efficacy on increasing performance indicators. Material and methods: research participants – U-16 basketball players (n=15), the Psychological Performance Inventory Alternative version (PPI–A), the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) questionnaires, the control exercise method was applied before and after the determining experiment, as well as mathematical statistics. Three measuring instruments adapted to the Latvian environment – PPI-A, SMTQ, GSE (Astaficevs, Vazne & Fernate, 2020) – were used in the research. The results show that the performance indicators of basketball players are affected by the implementation of psychological tasks improving mental toughness and general self-efficacy in sport in two control exercises – midrange jump shots (p<0.05) and free throws (p=0.001). An increase was also found in the results of other shots, but it was not statistically reliable. Moreover, moderately close correlations were found between mental toughness and self-efficacy improvement (“Self-efficacy and determination”; “Positive cognition and imagery”, “Self-belief”) after the implementation of psychological tasks in the training process and in individual performance indicators of basketball players (p<0.05).
Cilvēku tirdzniecība : kriminoloģiskās problēmas
(2019) Kipāne, Aldona; Vilks, Andrejs; Juridiskā fakultāte
Criminological problems of human trafficking have been considered in this article. The authors have provided insight into the problematic issues that pertain to the criminological aspects of this socio-legal phenomenon. Human trafficking is a dynamic phenomenon that easily adapts to changing conditions. Traditionally, human trafficking has the nature of organised crime. A variety of diverse causes and conditions lead to human trafficking. Globalisation of social and economic processes is one of the driving forces of human trafficking. Thus, measures to prevent trafficking in human beings must have an impact on broad segments of society
Civil Unions (Non – Registered Partnerships) and Patients’ Rights : Problematics and the Future Perspective
(2021-12-01) Palkova, Karina; Rozentale, Lidija; Rīga Stradiņš University
Unlike the institution of matrimonial law, which has developed over several hundred years and thus has a solid legal basis, the legal framework for non-registered partnerships is a relatively recent legal phenomenon, which therefore also means that the legal framework in those countries where it is applied is not uniform and there are signifi cant diff erences between diff erent legal systems. Th e legal framework of non-registered partnerships is infl uenced by the traditions, history, culture, religion, and other factors of the country and its population. With the development of non-registered partnerships, new challenges are emerging in various fi elds, including healthcare in terms of ensuring patients’ rights. Th is results in a situation where there is a lack of regulation in society to protect all families, regardless of whether the family is based on a registered or non-registered partnership. Th e purpose of the article is to clarify the role, and importance, as well as crucial problematics of non-registered partnerships from the patients’ point of view. Th e methodological basis of the research includes general theoretical principles of scientifi c knowledge. Th is knowledge provides various aspects in the study of non-registered partnerships and the patients’ rights in healthcare. Th e scientifi c novelty is to identify the essence and importance of the fundamental rights of each person and to clarify the legal problematics of the non-registered partnership institution that infl uence patients’ rights in the decision-making process.
Competition Technical Model for high-class Judokas : (2003 – 2005 World Championships for Women)
(2012-06-14) Pimenovs, Andris; Fonarjova, Regina; Pimenovs, Einars; Latvian Academy of Sport Education (LASE)
All judo techniques fall into one of three categories, and each category is further subdivided. The three categories are: throwing techniques (nage waza), grappling techniques (katame waza), and striking techniques (atemi waza). The action of the hips is important in any tachi waza (standing techniques), but they are further classified as either te waza (hand techniques), koshi waza (hip techniques) or ashi waza (foot or leg techniques) depending on which part of the body plays the central role in executing the technique. The former involves taking a back-on-the-mat position, but sutemi waza (side sacrifice techniques) – side-on-the-mat position. In competition practice athletes use throws from all classification groups. In 2003 the most often applied techniques were from the arm technique group. The second was the shoulder technique, the third – the leg technique, the fourth – the hip technique, and the fifth – the risk group. In 2005 the techniques in the frequency remained the same. The differences were only in the leg and shoulder technique groups. The leg technique was ranked the second, but the shoulder technique – the third. The competition model changes in the studied time period between two world championships have been stated in all weight categories. The most significant changes were recorded in the medium and heavy weight categories. The percentage of throws decreased a lot in the shoulder technique (7%) and hip technique (6%) group, changes were the biggest in the heavy weight category. The applied hip technique increased (17%), but the arm technique decreased (16%).
Consent to Treatment and Anamnesis as Problem of Communication with Minor Patients in Healthcare Decision-Making
(2016-08-30) Palkova, Karina; Semaka, Svetlana; Rīga Stradiņš University
Lately lawyers and medical professionals pay more attention too the process of minor patient healthcare. The research shall address the issues of legal relationship between minor patients and medical professionals, consent to treatment of minor patients and communication problems including the scope of information which the doctor can provide to the minor patient’s relatives to protect themselves and patients. Legislation prescribes that the information provided by the medical professional to the minor patient must be not only easy-to-understand, but also be consistent with the patient’s age maturity. However, in Latvia, for example, there are no guidelines that specify how medical professionals can determine the patient’s maturity. In the course of provision of medical services to the minor persons legal disputes involving communiucation failures between the minor patients, their relatives, legal representatives and the doctors arise increasingly frequently. The research will look into issue of communication problems in healthcare. The aim of the research is to provide insight into challenges of legal relations betweem minor patients and medical professionals and communication problems in healthcare.
Construction of the image of persons with disabilities in Latvian mass media
(2023) Polinska, Velga; Liepa, Dite; Rīga Stradiņš University
Reality construction on the Internet is an inseparable part of human lives. On one hand, many people choose to construct their own (fake) realities. On the other hand, several groups of society are affected by the realities built by the mass media. Not everything published online can be considered journalism; however, professional journalism has an important role in moulding public opinion. Thus, the functions of the media should not only be considered but also exploited deliberately and purposefully. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. The article is devoted to the analysis of the contents and linguistic features of the articles about people with disabilities published on one of the most popular news websites in Latvia – jauns.lv. The results show that both content and linguistic choices, although they are mainly unintentional, can produce and propagate misconceptions about people with disabilities. Yet the solutions targeting this issue are to be determined.
Construction Waste Management for Improving Resource Efficiency in The Reconstruction of War-Destroyed Objects
(2022-06-30) Atstāja, Dzintra; Koval, Viktor; Purviņš, Māris; Butkevičs, Jānis; Mikhno, Inesa
Introduction. Social and hostility conflicts in Ukraine have caused global changes and deterioration of the ecological and economic situation in numerous countries, resulting in higher risks to the population and giving the impetus to create a new innovative, cultural, and technological society. Greening principles, which have become popular in developed countries, are impossible to implement without the coordinated cooperation of states and their genesis in accordance with joint programs and development vectors. As a result, an increasing number of foundations and grants have recently been established to support eco-friendly products and solutions, assist in their adoption, and develop the organizational structure of an efficient system based on green economy principles, thereby improving global standards and regulations. Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for planning the modernization of constructed infrastructure, better resource efficiency, and reduce waste in the reconstruction of war-destroyed objects. Results. The best option for post-war waste disposal is the construction of mobile waste recycling complexes based on fractional waste recycling and its secondary use in further reconstruction of Ukrainian infrastructure, which after final restoration will be moved to safe areas around large cities and used as stationary waste recycling plants. To improve the environmental situation, one suggests building landscaped parks that will operate due to state-of-the-art technologies (obtaining natural energy, etc.) and creating a system of harmonious combination of anthropogenic infrastructure and natural areas, businesses, and public accessibility. Conclusions. The key goal of the reconstruction of Ukrainian territories is to establish an innovative, sustainable, and safe system of social existence by increasing the efficiency of actions and methods based on the principles of rational environmental management and increasing responsibility. When calculating the cost of the restoration of Ukrainian territories, one should take into account additional expenses caused by hostilities, which will be further considered as a stress factor having a cumulative negative impact and leading to disastrous consequences that can be estimated in monetary equivalent as the sum of the price of restoration of components of the ecological, economic, and social system under the effect of a set of factors resulting in negative changes and damages.
Contradicting Narratives on the Spirit of the Laws: Cognitive Discourse Analysis on Narratives in China and Central and Eastern Europe
(2021) Daugulis, Mārtiņš; Bukovskis, Kārlis; Rīga Stradiņš University
The aim of the research is to deconstruct communicative narratives within speeches of China’s President Xi Jinping thus identifying notions for common ground in cooperation with the European Union, as well as notions that contradicts the spirit of law of Europe. The scope of research materials includes speeches of Xi Jinping addressed in a particular format – cooperation platform with Central and Eastern European countries “17 + 1”. This cooperation platform has been chosen as a discourse frame because of its rich content (China addresses 17 countries with various themes and focuses of importance). Research method utilised is cognitive discourse analysis (CODA) which focuses on those properties of discourse that are accounted for in terms of cognitive concepts. CODA allows to identify models of perceptions how cooperation and attitude toward common agreements should be formed. Several communicative narratives were identified that directly contradicts to common sense of Europe how cooperation and agreements should be maintained. Most important to mention are: 1) narrative of visible hand – as a counter argument on liberal economics – ability to interrupt free market at any situation; 2) narrative of silver bullet – a twin narrative of visible hand only in domain of political decisions; it includes an assumption that effective cooperation with China as a leader within community implies quick solutions to any decision-making problems via political intervention in business; 3) narrative of inclusive globalisation – includes expectation from all partners to respect deviations from democratic norms and western liberal values.
Covid-19 pandemija ir karas Ukrainoje : eufemizmų ir disfemizmų vartojimas viešajame diskurse latvių, lietuvių ir rusų kalbose
(2022) Liepa, Dite; Liparte, Evija; Rīga Stradiņš University
This article covers two lexical categories: euphemisms and dysphemisms in two major global events that shook the world since 2020: the COVID-19 pandemic and the war that Russia started in Ukraine. The euphemisms and dysphemisms featured in the article are used to designate said events in the Latvian, Lithuanian, and Russian languages. For the lexical analysis of both the vocabulary of the pandemic period and that of the wartime were selected two lexical groups: (1) words that describe COVID-19 and the sides of the society divided; (2) lexemes used to designate the Russia-Ukraine war and the words that describe the warring sides.
Criminal Recidivism Prevention as One of the Determinative Directions of the Agenda of the United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders
(2019) Batyrgareieva, Vladislava S.; Kaija, Sandra; Rīga Stradiņš University
Crime structure of any country in the world always has recurrent crime, the scale of which is not amenable to reduction practically. This crime is the most dangerous manifestation of criminal behaviour of a person, because the return of a person to committing new crimes indicates that the measures which were taken to re-socialise them have proved ineffective. Therefore, the problem of criminal recidivism and combating with it occupies a prominent place among issues which are discussed at the level of UN Congresses on the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders. In the article the provisions of the materials of these Congresses on criminal recidivism and the practice of its prevention are analysed in detail. At the same time, approaches to the calculation of recurrent crimes on the example of separate countries (USA, UK and Ukraine) are clarified. It is concluded that the scale of recidivism because of different methods of counting recurrent crimes is very different in different countries. This leads to the inability to draw a single picture of the prevalence of criminal recidivism in different regions of the world. It is concluded that to achieve appreciable results in the combating recidivism first of all, some methodological issues need to be resolved. One of them should be an attempt at an international level to develop a more or less standardised method of accounting for recidivism in national practices, which would include: firstly, a clear understanding of which offenses should be considered as recurrent; and secondly, the definition of terms based on which quantitative indicators of recidivism are provided. Jebkuras pasaules valsts noziedzības struktūrā vienmēr pastāv recidīvs, kura mērogu praktiski nav iespējams samazināt. Recidīvā noziedzība ir visbīstamākā personas noziedzīgās uzvedības izpausme, jo personas atgriešanās pie jaunu noziedzīgu nodarījumu izdarīšanas liecina, ka pasākumi to socializēšanai ir izrādījušies neefektīvi. Tāpēc recidīva problēma un tā apkarošana ir būtisks jautājums, kas tiek apspriests Apvienoto Nāciju kongresos par noziedzības novēršanu un sankcijām attiecībā uz likumpārkāpējiem. Rakstā analizēti šo kongresu materiāli par noziedzīgo nodarījumu recidīvu un tā novēršanas praksi, raksturotas atsevišķu valstu (ASV, Lielbritānijas un Ukrainas) pieejas noziedzīgo nodarījumu recidīva aprēķināšanā. Secināts, ka dažādās valstīs recidīvisma mērogs atšķirīgu atkārtotu noziegumu skaitīšanas metožu dēļ ir ļoti atšķirīgs. Un tas noved pie tā, ka nav iespējams izveidot vienotu ainu par noziedzīgo nodarījumu recidīva izplatību dažādos pasaules reģionos. Secināts, ka vērā ņemamu rezultātu sasniegšanai recidīva apkarošanā ir jāatrisina daži metodoloģiski jautājumi. Vienam no tiem vajadzētu būt mēģinājumam starptautiskā līmenī izstrādāt vairāk vai mazāk standartizētu recidīvisma uzskaites metodi nacionālajā praksē, kas ietvertu: pirmkārt, skaidri definētu izpratni par to, kuri nodarījumi uzskatāmi par atkārtotiem; un, otrkārt, tādu terminu definēšanu, uz kuru pamata tiek sniegti recidīvisma kvantitatīvie rādītāji.

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