Browsing by Author "Uribe, Sergio E."
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Item Advanced Imaging in Dental Research : from Gene Mapping to AI Global Data(2024) Graves, D T; Uribe, Sergio E.; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthAdvances in imaging technologies combined with artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming dental, oral, and craniofacial research. This editorial highlights breakthroughs ranging from gene expression mapping to visualizing the availability of global AI data, providing new insights into biological complexity and clinical applications.Item Caries prevalence and severity for 12-year-old children in Latvia(2021-06-01) Maldupa, Ilze; Sopule, Anete; Uribe, Sergio E.; Brinkmane, Anda; Senakola, Egita; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthObjectives: To study caries prevalence/severity in 12-year-old children in Latvia and potential risk indicators. Methods: A cross-sectional oral-health national survey of 12-year-old children was conducted in 2016. A nationally representative stratified-cluster probabilistic sample of 2,138 pupils in 92 schools was selected. Children were examined by seven calibrated examiners (kappa inter-examiner, intra-examiner scores of 0.71–0.77, 0.81–0.97, respectively) at school. Enamel-non-cavitated decay (D1), enamel cavitation (D3), dentine cavitation (D5), missing (M) or filled (F) status at the tooth (T)/surface (S) levels were evaluated, and decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) index scores for severity, along with the Significant Caries Index (SiC), were calculated. An associated caries factor questionnaire was completed by participants. Results: The prevalence of caries was 98.5% for D1MFT, 79.7% for D3MFT, and 71.9% for D5MFT. The means (standard deviations) for severity were 9.2 (5.3) for D1MFT, 3.3 (3.0) for D3MFT, and 2.4 (2.4) for D5MFT, and 5.6 (2.1) for the SiC. Indicators associated with a lower risk of caries (D5MFT) were irregular dental visits (prevalence odds ratio POR = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36, 0.56) and irregular use of mouthwashes (POR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.89). Conclusions: We found a high caries prevalence and severity in 12 year-old children in Latvia. Although the WHO target for 2010 (D5MFT ≤ 3) is met, the values for caries prevalence (D5MFT > 0 = 71.9%) and severity (D5MFT = 2.5) in 12-year-old Latvian children are higher than the European averages (D5MFT > 0 = 52%, D5MFT = 1.1).Item Child dental neglect and legal protections : a compendium of briefs from policy reviews in 26 countries and a special administrative region of China(2023) Foláyan, Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn; Ramos-Gomez, Francisco; Fatusi, Olawunmi Adedoyin; Nabil, Nouran; Lyimo, Germana V.; Minja, Irene Kida; Masumo, Ray M.; Mohamed, Nadia; Potgieter, Nicoline; Matanhire, Cleopatra; Maposa, Pamela; Akino, Chiedza Runyararo; Adeniyi, Abiola; Mohebbi, Simin Z.; Ellakany, Passent; Chen, Jieyi; Amalia, Rosa; Iandolo, Alfredo; Peedikayil, Faizal C.; Aravind, Athira; Al-Batayneh, Ola B.; Khader, Yousef S.; Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali; Sabbah, Wael; Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel; Vukovic, Ana; Jovanovic, Julijana; Jafar, Ro’aa Mohammed; Maldupa, Ilze; Arheiam, Arheiam; Mendes, Fausto M.; Uribe, Sergio E.; López Jordi, María del Carmen; Villena, Rita S.; Duangthip, Duangporn; Sam-Agudu, Nadia A.; El Tantawi, Maha; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthBackground: Child neglect is a public health, human rights, and social problem, with potentially devastating and costly consequences. The aim of this study was to: (1) summarize the oral health profile of children across the globe; (2) provide a brief overview of legal instruments that can offer children protection from dental neglect; and (3) discuss the effectiveness of these legal instruments. Methods: We summarized and highlighted the caries profile and status of implementation of legislation on child dental neglect for 26 countries representing the World Health Organization regions: five countries in Africa (Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zimbabwe), eight in the Americas (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Unites States of America, Uruguay), six in the Eastern Mediterranean (Egypt, Iran, Libya, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia), four in Europe (Italy, Latvia, Serbia, United Kingdom), two in South-East Asia (India and Indonesia) and one country (China) with its special administrative region (Hong Kong) in the Western Pacific. Results: Twenty-five of the 26 countries have legal instruments to address child neglect. Only two (8.0%) of these 25 countries had specific legal instruments on child dental neglect. Although child neglect laws can be interpreted to establish a case of child dental neglect, the latter may be difficult to establish in countries where governments have not addressed barriers that limit children's access to oral healthcare. Where there are specific legal instruments to address child dental neglect, a supportive social ecosystem has also been built to facilitate children's access to oral healthcare. A supportive legal environment, however, does not seem to confer extra protection against risks for untreated dental caries. Conclusions: The institution of specific country-level legislation on child dental neglect may not significantly reduce the national prevalence of untreated caries in children. It, however, increases the prospect for building a social ecosystem that may reduce the risk of untreated caries at the individual level. Social ecosystems to mitigate child dental neglect can be built when there is specific legislation against child dental neglect. It may be more effective to combine public health and human rights-based approaches, inclusive of an efficient criminal justice system to deal with child dental neglect.Item Comparación entre el examen radiográfico y el visual-táctil para detectar y valorar caries dental interproximal(2013) Martignon, Stefania; Uribe, Sergio E.; Pulido, Ana María; Cortés, Andrea; Martínez, Luis Fernando GamboaBackground: The optimal management of a caries lesion involves a precise and reliablediagnosis along with an appropriate treatment decision. The traditional diagnostic methodcontinues being the visual-tactile and it is focused in the detection of cavitated lesions.Currently, caries classification systems that include the early caries lesions and allow fornon-operative or operative treatment decisions are known. The radiography is known as acomplement for the current diagnosis of dental caries. The agreement between the visualtactileand the radiographic caries tests varies depending upon the caries prevalence. Purpose:To compare the number of proximal caries lesions detected radiographically and thevisual-tactile method. Methods: Visual-tactile (DMF-S criteria) and radiographic (bite-wingx-rays) examinations were conducted in 40 16-to-35 year olds. Results: The mean DMF-T was4.9±3.4 (D: 0.2±0.4; M: 0; F: 4.9±3.4). The visual-tactile exam in the posterior teeth showed amean DF-S of 5.0±4.0 (D: 0.2±0.5), and the radiographic of 16.0±3.4 (Radiolucency in dentine:2.9±1.7; in enamel: 13.1±3.3). The level of agreement (Kappa coefficient) between thevisual-tactile and the radiographic methods was insignificant (0.0012-0.08). Conclusion: Theradiographic exam detects 220 % more proximal caries lesions than the visual-tactile examin posterior teeth, which allows emphasizing the importance of the radiographic examinationfor the detection of dental caries.Item Core outcomes measures in dental computer vision studies (DentalCOMS)(2024-11) Büttner, Martha; Rokhshad, Rata; Brinz, Janet; Issa, Julien; Chaurasia, Akhilanand; Uribe, Sergio E.; Karteva, Teodora; Chala, Sanaa; Tichy, Antonin; Schwendicke, Falk; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthObjectives: To improve reporting and comparability as well as to reduce bias in dental computer vision studies, we aimed to develop a Core Outcome Measures Set (COMS) for this field. The COMS was derived consensus based as part of the WHO/ITU/WIPO Global Initiative AI for Health (WHO/ITU/WIPO AI4H). Methods: We first assessed existing guidance documents of diagnostic accuracy studies and conducted interviews with experts in the field. The resulting list of outcome measures was mapped against computer vision modeling tasks, clinical fields and reporting levels. The resulting systematization focused on providing relevant outcome measures whilst retaining details for meta-research and technical replication, displaying recommendations towards (1) levels of reporting for different clinical fields and tasks, and (2) outcome measures. The COMS was consented using a 2-staged e-Delphi, with 26 participants from various IADR groups, the WHO/ITU/WIPO AI4H, ADEA and AAOMFR. Results: We assigned agreed levels of reporting to different computer vision tasks. We agreed that human expert assessment and diagnostic accuracy considerations are the only feasible method to achieve clinically meaningful evaluation levels. Studies should at least report on eight core outcome measures: confusion matrix, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F-1 score, area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic-curve, and area-under-the-precision-recall-curve. Conclusion: Dental researchers should aim to report computer vision studies along the outlined COMS. Reviewers and editors may consider the defined COMS when assessing studies, and authors are recommended to justify when not employing the COMS. Clinical significance: Comparing and synthesizing dental computer vision studies is hampered by the variety of reported outcome measures. Adherence to the defined COMS is expected to increase comparability across studies, enable synthesis, and reduce selective reporting.Item COVID-19-related research data availability and quality according to the FAIR principles : A meta-research study(2024-11-18) Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad; Raittio, Eero; Khazaei, Yeganeh; Ashraf, Javed; Schwendicke, Falk; Uribe, Sergio E.; Moher, David; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthBACKGROUND: According to the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable), scientific research data should be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to massive research activities and an unprecedented number of topical publications in a short time. However, no evaluation has assessed whether this COVID-19-related research data has complied with FAIR principles (or FAIRness). OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the availability of open data in COVID-19-related research and to assess compliance with FAIRness. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search and retrieved all open-access articles related to COVID-19 from journals indexed in PubMed, available in the Europe PubMed Central database, published from January 2020 through June 2023, using the metareadr package. Using rtransparent, a validated automated tool, we identified articles with links to their raw data hosted in a public repository. We then screened the link and included those repositories that included data specifically for their pertaining paper. Subsequently, we automatically assessed the adherence of the repositories to the FAIR principles using FAIRsFAIR Research Data Object Assessment Service (F-UJI) and rfuji package. The FAIR scores ranged from 1-22 and had four components. We reported descriptive analysis for each article type, journal category, and repository. We used linear regression models to find the most influential factors on the FAIRness of data. RESULTS: 5,700 URLs were included in the final analysis, sharing their data in a general-purpose repository. The mean (standard deviation, SD) level of compliance with FAIR metrics was 9.4 (4.88). The percentages of moderate or advanced compliance were as follows: Findability: 100.0%, Accessibility: 21.5%, Interoperability: 46.7%, and Reusability: 61.3%. The overall and component-wise monthly trends were consistent over the follow-up. Reviews (9.80, SD = 5.06, n = 160), articles in dental journals (13.67, SD = 3.51, n = 3) and Harvard Dataverse (15.79, SD = 3.65, n = 244) had the highest mean FAIRness scores, whereas letters (7.83, SD = 4.30, n = 55), articles in neuroscience journals (8.16, SD = 3.73, n = 63), and those deposited in GitHub (4.50, SD = 0.13, n = 2,152) showed the lowest scores. Regression models showed that the repository was the most influential factor on FAIRness scores (R2 = 0.809). CONCLUSION: This paper underscored the potential for improvement across all facets of FAIR principles, specifically emphasizing Interoperability and Reusability in the data shared within general repositories during the COVID-19 pandemic.Item Dental Research Data Availability and Quality According to the FAIR Principles(2022-10) Uribe, Sergio E.; Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad; Raittio, Eero; Maldupa, Ilze; Vilne, Baiba; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Health; Bioinformatics GroupAccording to the FAIR principles, data produced by scientific research should be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable—for instance, to be used in machine learning algorithms. However, to date, there is no estimate of the quantity or quality of dental research data evaluated via the FAIR principles. We aimed to determine the availability of open data in dental research and to assess compliance with the FAIR principles (or FAIRness) of shared dental research data. We downloaded all available articles published in PubMed-indexed dental journals from 2016 to 2021 as open access from Europe PubMed Central. In addition, we took a random sample of 500 dental articles that were not open access through Europe PubMed Central. We assessed data sharing in the articles and compliance of shared data to the FAIR principles programmatically. Results showed that of 7,509 investigated articles, 112 (1.5%) shared data. The average (SD) level of compliance with the FAIR metrics was 32.6% (31.9%). The average for each metric was as follows: findability, 3.4 (2.7) of 7; accessibility, 1.0 (1.0) of 3; interoperability, 1.1 (1.2) of 4; and reusability, 2.4 (2.6) of 10. No considerable changes in data sharing or quality of shared data occurred over the years. Our findings indicated that dental researchers rarely shared data, and when they did share, the FAIR quality was suboptimal. Machine learning algorithms could understand 1% of available dental research data. These undermine the reproducibility of dental research and hinder gaining the knowledge that can be gleaned from machine learning algorithms and applications.Item Effect of COVID-19 on Coverage of Dental Services in Latvia(2024-03-04) Maldupa, Ilze; Senakola, Egita; Brinkmane, Anda; Ķīvīte-Urtāne, Anda; Uribe, Sergio E.; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Health; Institute of Public Health; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology; Bioinformatics GroupThis study aimed to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related public health decisions on dental services. A retrospective study was conducted using secondary data on dental services (2019–2021). Data were obtained from the Latvian National Health Service and the Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and analysed using descriptive statistics and data visualisation methods. In the first wave of COVID-19, the frequency of routine dental services decreased by 81.6% at the patient level, which coincided with the restrictions imposed as public health measures. The amount of regular dental manipulations returned to its previous level immediately after lifting restrictions. Still, they decreased to a more moderate extent (not exceeding 25% decline) with the beginning of the second wave. We observed a decrease in all manipulations, regardless of their aerosol-generating risk, and no increase in preventive manipulations that could be performed without any physical contact. We conclude that the most significant decrease in the availability of services was directly linked to existing public health measures. It seems that these measures allowed time to adapt the clinics to the new sanitary requirements, further ensuring continuity of service provision.Item Online videos : The hidden curriculum(2022-11) Dias da da Silva, Marco Antonio; Costa Pereira, Andresa; Vital, Sibylle; Marino, Rodrigo; Ghanim, Aghareed; Skelton-Macedo, Mary Caroline; Kavadella, Argyro; Kakaboura, Afrodite; Uribe, Sergio E.; Johnson, Ilona; Dalessandri, Domenico; Walmsley, Damien; Rīga Stradiņš UniversityIntroduction: Dental undergraduates will access the Internet searching for learning materials to complement their training; however, open access content is not generally recommended by dental schools. This study aimed to evaluate how dental students are using online video content. Materials and Methods: Students from eight Universities (Athens, Birmingham, Brescia, Cardiff, Melbourne, Paris, Sao Paulo and Valdivia) representing three continents were invited to complete a survey on their access and learning from online videos. Results: International students behave similarly when studying dental content online. Of 515 respondents, 94.6% use the Internet as a learning tool. It was observed that videos are not frequently recommended during didactic lectures (9.6%). But many students (79.9%) will use YouTube for their learning which includes clinical procedures. Students will check online content before performing procedures for the first time (74.8%), to understand what was explained in class (65.9%) or read in books (59.5%), to relearn clinical techniques (64.7%) and to visualise rare procedures (49.8%). More than half of the students do not fully trust the accuracy or the reliability of online content. This does not prevent students from watching and sharing dental videos with classmates (64.4%). The content watched is not shared with teachers (23.3%) even when it contradicts what was learnt in the school (38.2%). Conclusion: This study concludes that students regularly integrate open access digital resources into learning portfolios but are hesitant to inform their teachers about their viewing habits. Students wish to receive critical skills on how to evaluate the material they encounter outside their traditional learning space.Item Publicly Available Dental Image Datasets for Artificial Intelligence(2024) Uribe, Sergio E.; Issa, Julien; Sohrabniya, F.; Denny, A.; Kim, N.N.; Dayo, A. F.; Chaurasia, Akhilanand; Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad; Büttner, Martha; Schwendicke, Falk; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthThe development of artificial intelligence (AI) in dentistry requires large and well-annotated datasets. However, the availability of public dental imaging datasets remains unclear. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of all publicly available dental imaging datasets to address this gap and support AI development. This observational study searched all publicly available dataset resources (academic databases, preprints, and AI challenges), focusing on datasets/articles from 2020 to 2023, with PubMed searches extending back to 2011. We comprehensively searched for dental AI datasets containing images (intraoral photos, scans, radiographs, etc.) using relevant keywords. We included datasets of >50 images obtained from publicly available sources. We extracted dataset characteristics, patient demographics, country of origin, dataset size, ethical clearance, image details, FAIRness metrics, and metadata completeness. We screened 131,028 records and extracted 16 unique dental imaging datasets. The datasets were obtained from Kaggle (18.8%), GitHub, Google, Mendeley, PubMed, Zenodo (each 12.5%), Grand-Challenge, OSF, and arXiv (each 6.25%). The primary focus was tooth segmentation (62.5%) and labeling (56.2%). Panoramic radiography was the most common imaging modality (58.8%). Of the 13 countries, China contributed the most images (2,413). Of the datasets, 75% contained annotations, whereas the methods used to establish labels were often unclear and inconsistent. Only 31.2% of the datasets reported ethical approval, and 56.25% did not specify a license. Most data were obtained from dental clinics (50%). Intraoral radiographs had the highest findability score in the FAIR assessment, whereas cone-beam computed tomography datasets scored the lowest in all categories. These findings revealed a scarcity of publicly available imaging dental data and inconsistent metadata reporting. To promote the development of robust, equitable, and generalizable AI tools for dental diagnostics, treatment, and research, efforts are needed to address data scarcity, increase diversity, mandate metadata completeness, and ensure FAIRness in AI dental imaging research.Item The Quality of Statistical Reporting and Data Presentation in Predatory Dental Journals Was Lower Than in Non-Predatory Journals(2021-04-16) Nieminen, Pentti; Uribe, Sergio E.; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthProper peer review and quality of published articles are often regarded as signs of reliable scientific journals. The aim of this study was to compare whether the quality of statistical reporting and data presentation differs among articles published in ‘predatory dental journals’ and in other dental journals. We evaluated 50 articles published in ‘predatory open access (OA) journals’ and 100 clinical trials published in legitimate dental journals between 2019 and 2020. The quality of statistical reporting and data presentation of each paper was assessed on a scale from 0 (poor) to 10 (high). The mean (SD) quality score of the statistical reporting and data presentation was 2.5 (1.4) for the predatory OA journals, 4.8 (1.8) for the legitimate OA journals, and 5.6 (1.8) for the more visible dental journals. The mean values differed significantly (p < 0.001). The quality of statistical reporting of clinical studies published in predatory journals was found to be lower than in open access and highly cited journals. This difference in quality is a wake-up call to consume study results critically. Poor statistical reporting indicates wider general lower quality in publications where the authors and journals are less likely to be critiqued by peer reviewItem Response to comment on : “Transcultural adaptation and reliability of the Spanish version of a questionnaire of oral hygiene advice given by dentists in Chile”(2015-06-24) Maldupa, Ilze; Aguila, Jaime; Toloza, Pablo; Uribe, Sergio E.; Rīga Stradiņš UniversityItem Transcultural adaptation and reliability of the spanish version of a questionnaire of oral hygiene advice given by dentists in Chile(2014-12-12) Maldupa, Ilze; Aguila, Jaime; Toloza, Pablo; Uribe, Sergio E.; Rīga Stradiņš UniversityAim: To adapt and evaluate validity-reliability the spanish version of the questionnaire for oral hygiene advice given by dentist in Chile. Materials and methods: Validation study conducted according COSMIN recommendations. The original questionnaire in english was adapted to spanish by translation, back translation, expert review and pilot test sample of 56 dentists. The instrument consisted of 3 sections: recommendations for oral hygiene, relevance given to the delivery of oral hygiene instruction and training and experience in delivering oral hygiene recommendations. It was reapplied in 5 of them a week later. Reliability was measured by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest (Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa) and measurement error (limits of agreement, LdA). Content validity was evaluated by experts and construct validity through convergent validity (Pearson correlation). Results: A good level of internal consistency that applies to 5 items (Cronbach's alpha = 0.73) was obtained. For items of nominal scale the Cohen kappa coefficient was 0.80 (95% CI = 0.64 to 0.95) and for ordinal items weighted kappa coefficient (linear weighting) was 0.76 (95% CI = 0.65 to 0.88). The difference between the scores calculated for the measurements was 1 standard deviation 2.35. 95% of the differences were between -5.7 to 3.7 (+/- 4.7 LdA = 1) and the variance of the total score was 29 to 41. A good level of convergent validity (Pearson correlation = 0.63) was obtained. Conclusion: The final questionnaire obtained is valid and reliable for use in chilean dentists with a profile like those included in this study to identify and quantify the oral hygiene instruction they provide to patients. Future studies should assess the validity and reliability of this adaptation other spanish-speaking countries.