Browsing by Author "Krivins, Anatolijs"

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    Corruption perception trends : European Union countries
    (2023-11-17) Krivins, Anatolijs; Vilks, Andrejs; Kipane, Aldona; Rīga Stradiņš University
    The study analyzes the perception of the level of corruption in the countries of the European Union. We decided to summarize and explore the results of the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) for the period from 2012 to 2022 in all EU countries - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. We then compared the 2012 results with the 2022 results for each EU country and identified the three countries with the best percentage performance. Our study identified three countries in the European Union, that saw the most rapid improvement in the CPI score from 2012 to 2022: Greece (+44%), Italy (+33%) and Latvia (+20%). These achievements are interesting and significant in two contexts. Firstly, the overall rating of the EU has increased by only 2% during this period. Secondly, our established in-depth study group (Greece, Italy and Latvia) demonstrated not only a significant percentage increase, but also the persistence of a positive trend. We can identify 3 trend leaders - Greece, Italy and Latvia - both in terms of percentage growth from 2012 to 2022, and in the proportion of years where there were noticeable improvement trends. It is significant that this dynamic was not affected by the overall trend in the EU.
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    Preventing international threats in the context of improving the legal framework for national and regional security
    (2024) Vilks, Andrejs; Kipāne, Aldona; Krivins, Anatolijs; Rīga Stradiņš University
    Geopolitical challenges and potential integral threats have put the issue of developing strategies and tools to counter risks and strengthen security on the agenda. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the areas of criminal law development in the context of increasing national and international security. The study uses generalisation, analysis, systematisation, and deduction methods. The study assesses the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which, using the example of specific illegal actions in Latvia, revealed real risks for the national security of Latvia and the Baltic region. The paper considers crimes related to the violation of bans on participation in armed conflicts, organisation and conduct of military-tactical exercises, and the inadmissibility of assisting a foreign state in an act aimed against another state. Ultimately, such a review reveals the importance and real threat of these criminal offences to state security and identifies approaches for improving legislation in this area. The crime of “espionage” is investigated, which ultimately outlines the structure of such an illegal act and its danger. Considerable attention is given to the examination of torture as a crime against humanity, which is done based on national and international legislation. As a result, the evolution of this criminal offence is considered, various approaches to defining this phenomenon are evaluated, sadism as a particular form of torture is investigated, a classification of similar acts is created, and various types of consequences that could be caused during such a crime are formulated. The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of law enforcement agencies using the findings to form effective strategies for developing modern political and legal tools to prevent international threats.