Browsing by Author "Amaechi, Bennett T."
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Item Caries Increment and Oral Hygiene Changes in 6-and 12-Year-Old Children in Riga, Latvia : A 3-Year Follow-Up Report Using ICDAS II and RADKE Criteria(2019) Gudkina, Jekaterina; Amaechi, Bennett T.; Abrams, Stephen H.; Brinkmane, Anda; Jelisejeva, Ieva; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthObjectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the caries increment and oral hygiene changes over a 3-year period and also compare the sensitivity and specificity of Radke's caries assessment method to ICDAS II among 6-and 12-year-old children in Riga, Latvia. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight 6 and thirty-nine 12-year-old children were examined visually and with bitewing (BW) radiographs for dental caries at baseline and after a 3-year period. Decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (dmfs/DMFS) in all teeth were scored by one calibrated examiner using the Radke's caries scoring criteria. Oral hygiene level was determined using Green-Vermillion index (G-V ind.) at baseline and after 3 years. ICDAS II was used to assess all children only at the 3rd-year time point. The parents of the 6-and 12-year-old children responded to a questionnaire on oral hygiene at baseline and at the 3-year mark. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-square test, Wilcoxon test (α= 0.05), and sensitivity and specificity tests. Results: The mean (SD) values of G-V ind. and caries experience at baseline/3-year period in 6-versus 12-year-old children were as follows. G-V ind.: 1.14(0.80)/1.48(0.89) [p = 0.4768] versus 0.99(0.45)/1.45(1.22) [p = 0.0337]. DMFS: 0.72(1.02)/3.13(3.13) [p = 0.0000] versus 6.79(5.14)/14.79(9.86)[p = 0.0000]; dmfs: 11.26(8.71)/7.74 (4.86) [p = 0.0780] versus 3.57 (2.03)/1.5(0.71)[p = 0.3173].The sensitivity and specificity of Radke to ICDAS II of caries-affected surfaces was: in proximal surfaces-0.57 and 0.98, on occlusal surfaces-0.83 and 0.98, on buccal/lingual surfaces-0.43 and 0.99. Conclusions: The result of the present study suggests that the increased caries experience over a 3-year period among the 6-and 12-year-old children in Riga may be due to the concurrent decreased level of oral hygiene, suggesting that ICDAS II instead of Radke's criteria should be used to detect and monitor dental caries.Item The Effect of MI Varnish™ on Caries Increment and Dietary Habits among 6- and 12-Year-Old Children in Riga, Latvia : A 3-Year Randomized Controlled Trial(2022-06-01) Gudkina, Jekaterīna; Amaechi, Bennett T.; Abrams, Stephen H.; Brinkmane, Anda; Petrošina, Eva; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Health; Statistics UnitAims: This randomized controlled trial investigated the effect of MI Varnish™ (5% NaF/ CPP-ACP) on caries increment in 6- and 12-year-old children in Riga, Latvia within 36 months. Methods: Forty-eight 6-year-old children (Group 1) and forty-seven 12-year-old children (Group 3) received quarterly varnish application, while forty-eight 6-year-old children (Group 2) and thirty-seven 12-yearold children (Group 4) did not have varnish applied. All children/parents received the same preventive advice. All children were visually examined using ICDAS-II criteria. Questionnaires on dietary habits were completed by the children/parents at baseline and after 36 months. DMFS and dfs were calculated from ICDAS data. The statistical analysis was performed (α = 0.05) using a Chi-squared test, paired t-test (Welch test) and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The trial registration number is ISRCTN10584414. Results: In Group 1 versus Group 2, the DMFS(SD) (Baseline/36 months) values were 5.02(5.85)/13.21(6.67) (p < 0.001) versus 2.65(4.54)/10.81(6.14) (p < 0.001), respectively; the dfs(SD) (Baseline/36 months) values were 36.75(12.96)/24.04(12.9) (p < 0.001) versus 33.67(12.74)/23.88(11.91) (p < 0.001), respectively. In Group 3 versus Group 4, the DMFS(SD) (Baseline/36 months) values were 48.62(23.18)/70.96(23.28) (p < 0.001) versus 34.73(17.99)/54.95(16.09) (p < 0.001), respectively; the dfs(SD) (Baseline/36 months) values were 1.7(4.4)/0 (p < 0.05) versus 2(6.39)/0 (p = 0.06), respectively. The prevalence of caries (dfs + DMFS) decreased by 4.52 (p < 0.001) and 1.63 (p < 0.001) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, but increased by 20.64 (p < 0.001) and 18.22 (p < 0.001) in Groups 3 and 4, respectively. An analysis of the questionnaires indicated the habitual, frequent consumption of a sugary diet by all the children. A significant correlation (r = 0.321; p < 0.05) was observed between caries increment and the frequency of daily intake of sugary snacks, soft drinks and tea with sugar at baseline only in Group 1. Conclusions: A quarterly application of MI varnish (CPP-ACP/fluoride) reduced caries increment in 6- and 12-year-old children in Riga, Latvia.Item Factors influencing the caries experience of 6 and 12 year old children in Riga, Latvia(2016) Gudkina, Jekaterina; Brinkmane, Anda; Abrams, Stephen H.; Amaechi, Bennett T.; Rīga Stradiņš UniversityAIM: Authors assessed the influence of drinking tea with sugar, level of cariogenic microflora and use of fluoride toothpaste and tablets on caries experience of 6 and 12 year old children in Riga, Latvia. METHODS: 141 six and 164 twelve year old children were examined clinically and with bitewing radiographs to determine their dmft/DMFT and dmfs/DMFS. Children or their parents responded to questionnaire on number teaspoons of sugar (TS) used per cup of tea, number of cups of tea consumed daily, using fluoride or non-fluoride toothpaste (TP), frequency of toothbrushing, using fluoride tablets or not (ft). Salivary mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (LB) levels were measured in children with dmft/DMFT>4.0 for age of 6 (73% (n=103)), and for age of 12 (54% (n=88)). Impact of variables in caries status was determined using frequency tables and ANOVA, while proportion differences were tested using chi-square test. RESULTS: In 6 year olds, statistically significant associations were observed between the salivary microflora (MS, LB) and dt/DT (p=0.032; dt=3.71, DT=0.42), use of F-toothpaste (p=0.020), and TS (p<0.001). In 12 year olds, statistically significant (p<0.01) associations were observed between salivary microflora and dt/DT, ds/DS and dmft/DMFT. In both age groups, significant (p<0.001) association was demonstrated between dmfs/DMFS and salivary microflora, F-toothpaste and TS. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated that the caries development in Latvian children was associated with consumption of sugary tea and use of non-fluoride toothpaste.Item Inadequacy of Self-Implemented Preventive Measures to Control Caries Increment due to Poor Dietary Habits in 6 and 12 Years Old Children in Riga, Latvia(2022-09-23) Gudkina, Jekaterīna; Amaechi, Bennett T.; Abrams, Stephen H.; Brinkmane, Anda; Jelisejeva, Ieva; Rīga Stradiņš UniversityAim. This study investigated whether the self-implemented preventive measures practiced among the 6 and 12 years olds in Riga, Latvia can control the caries increment due to poor dietary habits among this age groups. Material and methods. Caries examination was performed on Thirty-eight 6 and thirty-nine 12 years olds by visual and bitewing radiographic examination at baseline and after 3 years. All participants and/or their parents completed dietary habits questionnaires. The data was analyzed using t-test, chi-square test, ANOVA and frequency tables, Wilcoxon and Fisher’s tests (α=0.05). Results. The mean (SD) values of caries experience at baseline/3-year period in 6- vs.12- year olds were as follows. DMFS: 0.72 (1.02)/3.13 (3.13) (p=0.0000) vs. 6.79 (5.14)/14.79 (9.86) (p=0.0000); dmfs: 11.26(8.71)/7.74 (4.86) (p=0.078) vs. 3.57 (2.03)/1.5 (0.71) (p=0.317). The statistical significance was reported only for the consumption of soft drinks (p=0.032) and sugared tea (p=0.018) for the 6 years olds, and for sugared tea (p=0.017) and number of teaspoons of sugar added to tea (p=0.0095) for the 12-years olds. There was positive caries increment in all the 6 and 12 years olds that reported significant increase in consumption of soft drinks and sugared tea, and increase daily number of teaspoons of sugar used in tea. Conclusions. The present study demonstrated high cariogenic diet among the children in Riga, which is associated with increased caries experience that the currently practiced self-implemented oral hygiene measures was not capable of controlling.Item Tooth-Surface-Specific Effects of MI Varnish™ : A 3-Year Randomized Clinical Trial(2023-08-07) Gudkina, Jekaterīna; Amaechi, Bennett T.; Abrams, Stephen H.; Brinkmane, Anda; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral HealthAim: Our previous three-year randomized control trial showed that the application of MI Varnish™ (5% NaF/CPP-ACP) every 3 months reduced further caries development in 6- and 12-year-olds over a 3-year period. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to investigate whether MI Varnish™ had a differential effect on cumulative caries increment on different tooth surfaces. Methods: Group 1 (n = 48) (6-year-old children) and Group 3 (n = 47) (12-year-old children) received quarterly varnish applications, while Group 2 (n = 48) (6-year-old children) and Group 4 (n = 37) (12-year-old children) did not receive varnish applications. ICDAS caries scoring classified lesions as non-cavitated (n/c) lesions (ICDAS 1 and 2), cavitated (c) lesions (ICDAS II 3–6), non-cavitated lesions around restorations (CARn/c), and cavitated lesions around restorations (CARc). Thus, ‘decayed’ in DFS was calculated as (ICDAS 1–6 + CARn/c + CARc). The Chi-square test, Welch test (paired-t test), risk ratio test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). Results: After comparing baseline and 36-month data, in group 1, there was a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in caries in occlusal (23.11%) and proximal (21.35%) surfaces and a non-significant reduction in buccal/lingual surfaces (5.28%). In group 2, caries reduction was significant (p < 0.01) in occlusal surfaces (38.52%) but non-significant in proximal (7.78%) and buccal/lingual (7.12%) surfaces. In groups 3 and 4, significant (p < 0.001) increases in caries were observed in proximal (36.03% (group 3)/54.30% (group 4)) and buccal/lingual surfaces (51.02% (group 3)/45.98% (group 4)), and a non-significant increase was observed in occlusal surfaces (11.49% (group 3)/22.01% (group 4)). The relative risk had increased by 4% only on proximal surfaces in 6-year-olds. Conclusions: the application of MI Varnish™ every 3 months demonstrated a caries reduction effect on interproximal and occlusal surfaces among 6- and 12-year-old children. (Trial registration ISRCTN10584414).